Human Health Risks And Socio Economic Problems Associated...

2.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES Petroleum E P Activities are characterized by all forms of environmental impacts at different levels of its operations ranging from exploration, development and production, transportation and distribution, marketing, decommissioning and rehabilitation. At the exploration phase, there are the disturbances of forest and ground surface from related activities such as site clearance, construction of roads, tank farms, brine pits and pipelines and other land modifications necessary for the drilling of exploration and production wells and construction of production facilities (Kharaka and Dorsey 2005). According to Christen (2004) some of the environmental problems associated with petroleum E P activities include oil spills, gas flaring and venting, discharges of petroleum derived chemicals wastes, contamination of controlled water sources, contamination of soil and sediments, the destruction of the farmland and the marine environment. The major environmental issues arose primarily from the improper disposal of large volumes of petroleum derived hazardous waste streams, such as oil and toxic sludge (Eweje, 2006 and Aniefiok et al 2013), equipment failure, oil spills/operational discharges and sabotage of petroleum facilities (Asthana and Asthane 2003). All these have grave effects on all aspects of the environmental media, creating lots ofShow MoreRelatedDifferent Definitions Of Key Terms1220 Words   |  5 Pagescontains substantial quantities of nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen together with smaller amounts of nickel, vanadium, and numerous components. Oil compounds can occur in solid form as asphalt, liquid form as crude oil and/or gaseous form as natural gas. Petroleum hydrocarbons could be divided into four classes: saturates (pentane, hexadecane, octacosane, cyclohexane), aromatics (naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzene, pyrene), asphaltenes (phenols, fatty acids, ketones, esters, and porphyrins), and resins (pyridinesRead MoreQuestions On Oil And Gas Management32 23 Words   |  13 Pagestools like PESTEL, SWOT and Michael Porter’s five forces which looks at the competitive landscape of the company compared to the rest of the companies in the same field of oil exploration and production. The analysis was conducted for Tullow Oil PLC which is Africa’s leading independent oil company, through an exploration-led growth strategy with focus in Africa and Atlantic margins. 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