From A Sociological Perspective, Explanations For Criminal- Ity Are Fo

From a sociological perspective, explanations for criminal- ity are found in two levels which are the subculture and the structural explanations. The sociological explanations emphasize aspects of societal arrangements that are external to the actor and compelling. A sociological explanation is concerned with how the structure of a society or its institutional practices or its persisting cultural themes affect the conduct of its members. Individual differences are denied or ignored, and the explanation of the overall collective behavoir is sought in the patterning of social arrangements that is considered to be both outside the actor and prior to him (Sampson, 1985). That is, the social patterns of power or of institutions which are held to be determinative of human action are also seen as having been in existence before any particular actor came on the scene. In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and compelling of any particular person. Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which he lives. Political philosophers, sociologists, and athropologists have long observed that a condition of social life is that not all things are allowed. Standards of behavior are both a pro- duct of our living together and a requirement if social life is to be orderly. The concept of a culture refers to the perceived standards of behavior, observable in both words and deeds, that are learned, transmitted from generation to generation and somewhat durable. To call such behavior cultural does not necessar- ily mean that it is refined, but rather means that it is cultured-- aquired, cultivated, and persistent. Social scientists have invented the notion of a subculture to describe variations, within a society, upon its cultural themes. In such circumstances, it is assumed that some cultural prescrip- tions are common to all members of society, but that modifica- tions and variations are discernible within the society. Again, it is part of the definition of a subculture, as of a culture, that is relatively enduring. Its norms are termed a style, rather than a fashion, on the grounds that the former has some endurance while the latter is evanescent. The quarrel comes, of course, when we try to estimate how real a cultural pattern is and how persistent. The standards by which behavior is to be guided vary among men and over time. Its is in this change and variety that crime is defined. An application of this principle to crimin- ology would find that the roots of the crime in the fact that groups have developed different standards of appropriate behavior and that, in complex cultures, each individual is subject to competing prescriptions for action. Another subcultural explanation of crime grows readily out of the fact that, as we have seen, social classes experience different rates of arrest and conviction for serious offenses. When strata within a society are marked off by categories of income, education, and occupational prestige, differences are discovered among them in the amount and style of crime. Further, differences are usually found between these social classes in their tastes, interests, and morals. Its is easy to describe these class-linked patterns as cultures. This version of the subcultural explanation of crime holds that the very fact of learning the lessons of the subculture means that one aquires interests and preferences that place him in greater or lesser risk of breaking the law. Others argue that being reared in the lower class means learning a different culture from that which creates the criminal laws. The lower- class subculture is said to have its own values, many of which run counter to the majority interests that support the laws against the serious predatory crimes. One needs to note that the indicators of class are not descriptions of class. Proponents of subcultural explanations of crime do not define a class culture by any assortment of the objective indicators or rank, such as annual income or years of schooling. The subcultural theorists is interested in pattern- ed ways of life which may have evolved with a division of labor and which, then, are called class cultures. The pattern, however, is not described by reference to income alone, or by reference to years of schooling or occupational skill. The pattern includes these indicators, but it is not defined by them. The subcultural theorist is more intent upon the variet- ies

Book Review on Demonic Possession on Trial

Book Review on Demonic Possession on Trial Sample book review on Demonic Possession on Trial: Demonic Possession on Trial by William W. Coventry was written based on the author’s thesis to earn his Master of Arts in History from the University of Vermont. The book’s purpose is to examine and explore certain witch-craft cases that took place before the Salem witch trials occurred in order to identify the behaviors and ideas that shaped them. It was unclear from reading the book what the author’s views of the cases were; although, he seemed to show sympathy towards the supposed witch’s persecution. His writing was unbiased and covered all aspects of the trials and gave possible reasons for why the women and men seemed to be possessed by â€Å"demons†. He discussed the possibility of medical concerns, jealousy, and revenge as reasons why these people seemed to be possessed. He covered each possibility with equal representation. Coventry discussed how â€Å"superstitious and frightened townspeople turned against one another† (Coventry 67) and also discussed how ‘power hungry clergy promoted fear to maintain their fading power† (Coventry 69). I believe that he succeeded in his purpose to connect the trials that occurred in England to those that happened in Salem, Massachusetts. Although, he seemed to make this connection it was hard to follow. I had to re-read certain parts over a few times. Maybe it was because the subject covered wasn’t to my interest or because of the wording, but it was hard for me to read this book and enjoy it. This book did not relate to any past American history courses I took but instead was a lesson in itself. I knew very little about the witch trials of the 1500’s and 1600’s. I found it surprising that the author went into little depth about the reasons for why the witch trials took place and how witch craft impacted history. Coventry only stated that religion, politics, and socio-economics led to the superstition of possession of the people of England and Salem. Coventry’s book expanded my understanding of the American experience in Salem by including excerpts from journals of those who were involved in the witch trials. The subject of the book was covered well, but as I stated before, it was difficult for me to follow. The author described each case thoroughly including all aspects of the cases and including journal entries to help prove his points. The book was organized well; beginning with the seven trials that took place in England and connecting them to the Salem trials in the last chapter. He included an introduction and also a conclusion, which made the book seem more like an essay than a book, but it was organized well. I found this book to be very interesting; although, sometimes hard to follow because there was a lot of technical terms having to do with possession and also medical terms I was not familiar with. I chose this book because I wanted to learn more about the trials and the people involved in them, but I was sorry to find that the book had more to do with politics and religion rather than stories. I would not recommend this book to another student unless they were very interested in the witch trials of this time. It is not a book that I would consider reading for fun. It took some time to understand exactly what the author was talking about and it wasn’t a very enthralling book. William W. Coventry is not only an author but a song writer as well. He has written and recorded over 100 songs and also has published a book of his lyrics called Myth of Desire. He received his BA in history from Gettysburg College and his MA in history from the University of Vermont.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 35

Case Study Example In addition, only two main manufacturers supply all the aircraft used in the industry: Boeing and Airbus (Barney & Hesterly, 2014). This makes the airline industry one of the most favorable for aircraft manufacturers and robs carriers of vital bargaining power. Ultimately, carriers have little or no power over the prices and availability of aircraft, yet this is their core input. The bargaining power of suppliers is too slanted in favor of suppliers. Buyers in the airline industry have several aspects that give them an edge over competitors: variety, intense competition, price wars, government protection, and the entry of online ticketing and distribution services (Barney & Hesterly, 2014). These factors imply that buyers enjoy a moderate to high bargaining power, which is also not healthy for competitors. As such, competitors have been forced to relinquish power to flyers in the long term. This threat is very low because of the amount of capital and the risks involved in venturing into the US airline industry (Vasigh, Fleming, & Humphreys, 2014). Very few investors have the financial capability required to successfully compete in the industry, and those that do are reluctant to confront the demands and risks involved. In addition, successful entrance demands a lot of skill, knowledge and experience; that is why rivals like to â€Å"poach† employees from one another. This threat is very low because unlike in developing countries where travelers prefer water, rail and road travel because they are cheaper, the level of competition in the US has ensured that flying is very affordable (Vasigh, Fleming, & Humphreys, 2014). In addition, the US has a very strong culture of flying, which is similar to the popularity of road transport in developing countries. As such, it is extremely unlikely that any other transport mode can overtake flying. The US airline industry is extremely competitive. It is easy for competitors to be

Ancient European Civilization Compared to Ancient China Essay

Ancient European Civilization Compared to Ancient China - Essay Example The other similarity is that both civilizations were ruled by selfish leaders who did not care about others but only about satisfying their goals. This therefore contributed to the numerous wars and change of leadership that was experienced by these two civilizations (Hause and Maltby, 2004). Despite the similarities, there were numerous differences between the two civilizations in discussion. The Chinese for example concentrated more on art and culture while the Europeans concentrated more on trade and religion. The Chinese lacked concentration in trade and religion because they had not started developing industries, the dynasties were very different and would not unite and hence development like that in Europe was not present (Schirokauer and Brown, 2012). As a result of concentration in trade and religion, European civilization had no time for art and this came to develop later on. The other difference is that the different dynasties ruling China were concentrating on inventions and hence many inventions were developed during Chinese civilization. In Europe, development of different classes brought about competition and migration to other areas and hence inventions were not there but there was development of telecommunication systems to serve the different classes (Einsenstadt,

Career Development Plan Part III Performance and Career Management Essay

Career Development Plan Part III Performance and Career Management week 4 - Essay Example The reason this is a great assessment to use is that it takes into consideration feedback from customers, the individual and their manager. This gives them a well rounded evaluation and carries more than a one sided approach. According to Focal 360 the purpose of the 360 feedback is to give employees confidential and anonymous feedback from the people around them. This allows the individual to understand at every level what they are doing right and what can be improved. This assessment could give employees a baseline of information to work from and they could then develop their own specific goals because of it. From this type of feedback we can develop individual goals that fit the employees needs. This would also encourage managers to work with each individual employee in a way that is without prejudice or judgment to the employee. We will also have to help manage dual career families. According to Human Resource Chapter 1 the employer should add some sort of childcare to the process. At the current time we do not have a budget for this but it could be something that we put in the plans for another time. We will also have to take into consideration that the timing of an advancement for an employee may not be right for their family, so we would want to offer them the advance at another time if they are a duo-career family (Human Resources, Chapter 10, p. 380). This would help us become a more "family friendly" organization. We can have available an audio program online that new hires can listen to who have not had the benefit of the training that we have planned for the group. The consultant has agreed to help us with this situation as an addition piece of the training if we would like it. Another element of training should be the opportunity to go to conferences and tradeshows. Although the company does not have the money to send them perhaps we could look at a reimbursement program for college

Cloud Point Extraction Experiment

Cloud Point Extraction Experiment Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein, BTB) (Figure 2.1.1) is a pH indicator (yellow at pH 6.0 and blue at pH 7.6). Its chemical name is: 4,40-(1,1-dioxido-3H-2,1-benzoxathiole-3,3-diyl)bis(2-bromo-6-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (The Merck Index, 13th edition, 2007)[1]. pKa of BTB is 7.1. This dye is the most appropriate pH indicator dye in physiological tissue and also used in the investigation of the interaction of lipid with protein (Puschett and Rao 1991; Gorbenko 1998; Sotomayor et al. 1998)[2,3,4]. It is widely applied in biomedical, biological, and chemical engineering applications (Schegg and Baldini 1986; Ibarra and Olivares-Perez 2002)[5,6]. BTB in protonated or deprotonated form is yellow or blue in color, respectively, while its solution is bluish green in neutral solution. It is sometimes used to define cell walls or nuclei under the microscope. BTB is mostly used for the evaluation and estimation of the pH of pools and fish tanks and the determinatio n of the presence of carbonic acid in liquid. There are several treatment procedures for dyes from waste materials, including adsorption (Nandi, Goswami, and Purkait 2009)[8], coagulation–flocculation, oxidation–ozonation, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, biological degradation, and electrochemical processes (Shen et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2004; Chatterjee, Lee, and Woo 2010)[9,10,11]. 2.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL 2.1.2.1 Materials: All the solutions were prepared with double-distilled water. 2.1.2.1.1 Triton X – 100 (0.1M): Triton X-100 was purchased from Qualigens Analytical grade. The TX-100 was cleared of any low-boiling impurities by exposure to vaccum for 3h at 700C following the procedure given by Kumar and Balasubrahmanium[19]. 31.4 g of TX-100 liquid is dissolved 500 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark to obtain 0.1 mol/dm3 solution. The critical micellar concentration and Cloud point of TX-100 are 2.8Ãâ€"10−4 [20] 65à ¢- ¦C [21] respectively. 2.1.2.1.2 Bromothymol Blue (BTB) : 1.0 g of BTB dye Merck India was dissolved in 5.0 ml of ethanol (99.8%) for dissolution then dilution are made with double distilled water into a 1000 ml volumetric flask up to the mark to obtain an concentration of 1000 mg/dm3(Babak Samiey, Kamal Alizadeh et.al 2004)[22]. In order to avoid fading stock solution was wrapped black color paper. The working solutions of BTB were prepared by appropriate dilutions of the stock solution immediately prior to their use. 2.1.2.1.3 Acetic acid (0.5M). 28.5 ml glacial acetic acid (A.R.grade) Qualigens was diluted with distilled water in a 1000 ml volumetric flask to give 0.5M Acetic acid solution. The solution obtained was diluted to required concentration and standardized as per the procedure (Vogel et. al. 1989)[23] with standard NaOH solution. 2.1.2.1.4 Sodium acetate (0.5M): 13.6 g sodiumacetate.trihydrate, (CH3COONa.3H2O) of Analytical grade Qualigens is dissolved in 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark (Vogel et. al. 1978)[24]. 2.1.2.1.5 NaCl (0.1M): 2.922 g pure dry salt of sodiumchloride of analytical grade Qualigens is weighing out and dissolved in 500 ml volumetric flask to give 0.1M NaCl solution(Vogel et. al. 1989)[25]. 2.1.2.1.6 Na2SO4 (0.5M): 16.1 g of sodiumsulphate decahydrate,(Na2SO4.10H2O) A.R.grade from Merck (India), is dissolved in 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark to give 0.5M Na2SO4 solution(Vogel et. al. 1989)[26]. 2.1.2.1.7 KH2PO4(1.0M): 34.02 g of KH2PO4 of Analytical grade Qualigens is dissolved in 250 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark (Vogel et. al. 1978)[27]. 2.1.2.1.8 Na2HPO4 (1.0M): A.R. grade disodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4.2H2O, is taken in porcelain crucible and heated until no more water is liberated. Then 17.8 g of this cold residue is taken in 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to the make to give 1.0 M of Na2HPO4 solution (Vogel et. al. 1978)[28]. The reagent is prepared freshly each time. 2.1.2.1.9 Buffer solution of pH4.0( ±0.05): 5 ml of 4M sodium acetate (A.R. grade) Qualigens and 20 ml of 4M acetic acid (A.R. grade) Qualigens are mixed in an 100ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark which has resultant pH of 4.0( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[29] . 2.1.2.1.10 Buffer solution of pH5.0( ±0.05):: 17.5 ml of 4M sodium acetate (A.R. grade) Qualigens and 10 ml of 4M acetic acid (A.R. grade) Qualigens are mixed in an 100ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark which has resultant pH of 5.0( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[30] . 2.1.2.1.11 Buffer solution of pH6.0( ±0.05): 13.2 ml of1M KH2PO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens and 86.8 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens are mixed in 100ml volumetric flask which has resultant pH of 6.0( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[31]. 2.1.2.1.12 Buffer solution of pH7.0( ±0.05): 61.5 ml of 1M KH2PO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens and 38.5 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens are mixed in 100ml volumetric flask which has resultant pH of 7.0( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[31]. 2.1.2.1.13 Buffer solution of pH8.0( ±0.05): 94.0 ml of 1M KH2PO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens and 6.0 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 (A.R.grade) Qualigens are mixed in 100ml volumetric flask which has resultant pH of 8.0( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[31]. 2.1.2.1.14 Buffer solution of pH9.2( ±0.05): 1.905g of Na2B4O7.10.H2O of (A.R.grade) Qualigens is dissolved in 100ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark to obtain 0.05 M of borax solution.The resultant pH of the solution is 9.2( ±0.05) (Vogel et. al. 1989)[32]. 2.1.2.2 Methodology for cloud point extraction: 2.1.2.2.1 Procedure: The cloud point temperature was determined by literature method reported by Carvalho et al. [33]. This is based on the ‘visual observation of the separation of phases’ in the micellar solution. The solution was heated gradually in the water bath until turbidity appeared. To verify the results, the opposite process was carried out by cooling gradually with constant stirring and the cloud point was considered as the temperature at which the solution became clear. The reported value was the average of these two determinations; in most cases, these two temperatures were identical, within + 0.5oC. Cloud point extraction experiment was conducted by using a 10 ml centrifuge tube with a screw cap containing different concentrations of Triton X-100 and BTB and sonicated for 2 minutes for proper mixing. The solution is heated up to 80ËÅ ¡C in a thermostatic temperature bath for 20 min. The turbid solution was then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min and cooled in an ice bath for 2 minutes in order to separate the phases. Both the phases are separated and the volumes of surfactant rich phase (coacervate phase) and dilute phases were measured. Average of three determinations is reported in all cases. The concentration of dye in both the phases has been measured by using PerkinElmer lamda-25 UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In order to determine the influence of the reagents added to the surfactant phase, cloud point determinations were performed with the additions of buffer, dye and inorganic salts. The procedure for the determination of critical temperature was the same as above, bu t using only a fixed surfactant concentration. The phase diagram for Triton X-100 was obtained by measuring the cloud point temperature of aqueous surfactant solutions at different concentrations. 2.1.2.2.2 Spectra and calibrated graph The concentration of the dye was determined by U.V-visible spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer lamda-25). Pure BTB was initially calibrated separately for different concentrations in terms of absorbance units, which were recorded at wavelength 430 nm, at which maximum absorption takes place (Figure 2.1.2, 2.1.3). No significant change in the absorbance has been observed even in the presence of TX-100. Therefore all the absorbance measurements were performed at this wave length. Figure 2.1.2 Spectra of BTB dye Figure 2.1.3 Calibration curve of BTB dye 2.1.2.2.3 Determination of Phase volume Ratio, Fractional coacervate phase volume and pre-concentration factor The volumes of the respective surfactant-rich and aqueous phases obtained after the separation of phases were determined using calibrated centrifuge tubes for calculating the pre concentration factor. Surfactant solutions containing typical amounts of the BTB were extracted using the CPE procedure, followed by the measurement of the respective phase volumes. The results reported are the average of three determinations. The phase volume ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of the surfactant-rich phase to that of the aqueous phase. It is calculated using the following formula. (2.1.1) Where RV is the phase volume ratio, VS and VW are volumes of surfactant-rich phase and aqueous phase respectively. The pre-concentration factor, (fC) is defined as the ratio of the volume of bulk solution before phase separation (Vt) to that of the surfactant-rich phase after phase separation (Vs). (2.1.2) Where Vt and VS are the volumes of the bulk solution before phase separation and the surfactant-rich phase respectively. The fractional coacervate phase volume with the feed surfactant concentration is calculated by using the relationship: (2.1.3) Where FC is the fractional coacervate volume and Cs is the molar concentration of the feed surfactant solution, for fixed feed dye concentration, the parameters a and b vary linearly with temperature. The value of Fc lies in between 0.04-0.23 for various operating conditions. Surfactant partition coefficient (m) is defined as the ratio of concentration of surfactant in coacervate and dilute phase. - (2.1.4) The efficiency of extraction is defined as - (2.1.5) 2.1.4 Discussion: This section is divided into four parts. In first part, factors influencing the extraction efficiency (e.g., concentrations of non-ionic surfactants, dye and salt, temperature and pH of the solution), fractional coacervate phase volume have been discussed. The nature of solubilization isotherm at different temperature has been presented in the second part. In the third and fourth parts, thermodynamic parameters and a calculation procedure for the determination of surfactant requirement for the dye removal to a desired level is briefly discussed. 2.1.4.1 Factors influencing efficiency: For ionizable solutes, the charge of the solute can greatly influence its extent of binding to a micellar assembly [34]. The ionic form of a molecule normally does not interact with and bind the micellar aggregate as strongly as does its neutral form. Thus adjustment of the solution pH for maximum extractability is of special importance when controlling experimental variables in CPE. With increasing pH, the efficiency of extraction increases up to pH 8.0 and then decreases. This is in accordance with the decrease in cloud point till pH 8.0 and a sudden increase at pH 9.2. Further, the pK value of BTB is 7.1. In the absence of any buffer solution, pH of the dye solution is 7.0 and there is no change in pH event after the extraction process is completed. Hence, all the parameters were optimized at this fixed pH of the medium. No significant increase in efficiency is observed with increasing [Dye] since the cloud point is not altered much with increasing the concentration of dye. The extraction efficiency of dye increases with the increase of surfactant concentration. The concentration of the micelle increases with the surfactant concentration, resulting in more solubilisation of dye in micelles. The surfactant concentration in the dilute phase remains constant (and equal to around CMC); the surfactant concentration along with the solubilised dye in the coacervate phase (micellar phase) increases to maintain the material balance[42-46]. The extraction of dye with TX-100 solution is due to hydrophobic interaction between BTB and hydrophobic micelles in the solution. However, with the increase of TX-100 concentration, the analytical signal becomes weak due to the increase in the final volume of the surfactant rich phase that causes pre concentration factor (phase volume ratio) to decrease [35]. In view of these observations, a 0.04 mol/dm3 triton X- 100 is used throughout. It has been shown that the presence of electrolyte can change the CP in different ways[36]. Salting out electrolyte such as NaCl, decreases the cloud point temperature. They can promote the dehydration of ethoxy groups on the outer surface of the micelles, enhancing the miceller concentration leading to solubilisation of more dye and resulting in a more efficient extraction [37] and reduce the time required for phase separation. A lower salt concentration gives a smaller pre concentration factor, due to the larger volume in the surfactant-rich phase at lower salt concentrations [38]. As shown in the fig the ability of salts to enhance extraction efficiency of the dye was in the order of Na2SO4>NaCl. Temperature has pronounced effect on the extraction of solute. (i) At high temperature, CMC of non-ionic surfactant decreases. (ii) the non-ionic surfactant becomes more hydrophobic due to dehydration of ether oxygen [39] and increase in micellar concentration and solubilization. A general preconcentration factor of 20-60 was obtained with this CPE method and similar pre concentration has been reported for other analytes (40). Typical preconcentration factors reported in the literature[41] varà ¯ed fiom 10 to 100. The CPE method gives a better preconcentration factor compared to conventional solvent extraction methods. In general, high pre concentration factors in CPE can be achieved using small amounts of surfactants which have large capacity to accommodate dye molecules. The hydrated nature and relative polarity of micelles, on the other hand, limit the extraction of dye into the surfactant-rich phase. From the viewpoint of concentrating the analytes present in aqueous solutions, the larger pre concentration factor, e.g., the smaller phase volume in the surfactant-rich phase is desired. A lower surfactant concentration gives a higher pre concentration factor. However, it becomes very difficult for sampling and accurate analysis with a very small volume of the surfactant-rich phase. On the contrary, excessive amount of added salt of â€Å"salting-out† effect can give the higher pre concentration factor, but it is likely forming the very viscous liquid crystalline phase, instead of the fluidic Liquid phase, in the system, making it difficult to separate the surfactant-rich phase. Therefore, optimization of the pre concentration factor is very critical in a feasible CPE technique. Hence, surfactant concentration of 0.04 mol/dm3 was chosen to conduct CPE experiments in this research. 2.1.4.2 Solubilization isotherm: The adsorption isotherm relating moles of solute solubilized per mole of surfactant[50] are presented in Figure2.1.8. The isotherm can be expressed according to Langmuir type expression: (2.1.6) Where, both m and n are functions of temperature. Figure 2.1.8 Solubilisation curve of BTB dye Assuming a homogeneous monolayer adsorption, the linearized Langmuir sorption model of equation (2.1.6) can be written as: (2.1.7) Plot of 1/qe vs. 1/Ce over the entire dye concentrations was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.983 as shown in Figure 2.1.9. Thus, the solubilization of dye obeys the Langmuir adsorption model. The calculated values of Langmuir parameters m and n from the slope and intercept of the linear plot of 1/qe vs. 1/Ce were found equal to 4.29X 10-3 (mol/mol) and 2.04X104 dm3 /mol, respectively. Figure 2.1.9 Langmuir isotherm of BTB dye 2.1.4.3 Thermodynamic parameters: The overall thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔS0 and ΔH0 were calculated using equations (2.1.8, 2.1.9) [48,49]as follows. (2.1.8) - (2.1.9) Where T is the temperature in (K), qe/Ce is called the solubilization affinity. ΔS0 and ΔH0 are obtained from a linear plot of log (qe/Ce) versus (1/T), from Eq. (2.1.8) and. Once these two parameters are obtained, ΔG0 is determined from Eq. (2.1.9) and presented in Table 2.1.6. Plot of log (qe/Ce) versus (1/T) is shown in Figure 2.1.10. Table 2.1.6 : Thermodynamic parameters Temp = 80 ±0.1ËÅ ¡c; [BTB]initial =12.8010-5 mol/dm3 ; [TX-100] =4.010-2 mol/dm3 pH (  ±0.05) -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G ( KJ/mole ) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S ( KJ/mole/K ) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H ( KJ/mole ) 353 343 333 6.0 19.57 16.93 14.28 0.27 73.92 7.0 22.11 18.75 15.38 0.34 96.76 8.0 21.10 18.63 16.16 0.25 66.06 Figure 2.1.10 log (qe/Ce) versus (1/T) 2.1.4.4 Design of experiment: The amount of surfactant required can be evaluated from the residual dye present in the dilute phase of the solution after conducting cloud point extraction can be determined [45]. qe is the mole of dye solubilized per mole of non-ionic surfactant. (2.1.10) Moles of dye solubilized can be obtained from mass balance equation, (2.1.11) (2.1.12) Where, A is the moles of dye solubilized in the micelles, V0 and Vd are the volume of the feed solution and that of the dilute phase after CPE, C0 and Ce are concentration of the BTB dye after CPE respectively; Cs is the concentration of surfactant in feed. From the equation 2.1.10, 2.1.11 and 2.1.12 we can write, (2.1.13) Moles of dye solubilized can be obtained from mass balance equation, Where, qe is the mole of dye solubilized per mole of non-ionic surfactant, x is moles TX-100 used, A is the moles of dye solubilized in the micelles, V0 and Vd are the volume of the feed solution and that of the dilute phase after CPE, C0 and respectively; Cs is the concentration of surfactant in feed. (2.1.14) Now, by involving the definition of fractional coavervate volume in the above equation we get, (2.1.15) - (2.1.16) Where a,b are the parameters a and b which are functions of temperature. Substituting the above equation in equation (8) we get, - (2.1.17) Substituting the above equation in equation (1) and rearranging we get, (2.1.18) From the above equation the desired surfactant required (Cs) can be obtained knowing the value of m and n the Langmuir constants, a and b the operating temperature constants, Ce the amount of dye in dilute phase after cloud point extraction. By using the above equation experiments which are conducted were compared for surfactant used and required are shown in Table 2.1.8. Table 2.1.8: Comparison data of required and used TX-100 at 80ËÅ ¡C 105 [BTB]initial mol/dm3 105[ BTB]dilute mol/dm3 102[ TX-100 ]used mol/dm3 102[ TX-100 ]Required mol/dm3 3.20 1.11 4.00 2.64 6.40 1.87 4.00 3.82 8.00 2.22 4.00 4.32 9.60 3.19 4.00 3.79 12.80 4.09 4.00 4.46 16.00 6.72 4.00 3.74 8.00 3.60 3.00 2.42 8.00 1.73 4.50 4.32 8.00 1.18 5.00 5.60

freeaw A Womans Fight for Independence in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

A Woman's Fight for Independence in The Awakening Right from the beginning the plot is almost conveniently evident. You find a woman, Edna Pontellier, tired of living her life as a pampered and "owned" wife and mother. She is searching for much more in her life, some sort of meaning for her whole existence. She searches for a long time but in the end, the inevitability of her life's pattern and direction wraps around her, suffocating her. She is overcome with wonder, confusion, and guilt for what she believes and what she does to express her beliefs. She finally finds a way to beat the "proper" 1890's lifestyle by committing suicide. During this story Edna struggles with three main opposing powers. First, there is the society's opinion of what a woman's "roles" in life was and how they should act, look, and feel. Second, is her independent nature. The last opposing power she comes across is her undying love for the charming Robert Lebrun. It is the unwritten rule that a woman should marry, have children, and be happy and content with that as their life. Society portrays this to be a woman's rightful job and duty. A woman should act and look "proper" at all times. This is what Edna is fighting against in this novel. She feels that, though many women agree with this "known" rule, it isn't fair. For six years Edna conforms to these ideas by being a "proper" wife and mother, holding Tuesday socials and going to operas, following the same enduring schedule. It is only after her summer spent at Grand Isle that her "mechanical" lifestyle becomes apparent to her. She sees how much she is unhappy with the expectations, held by society, of her life and she wishes to erase them and live her life as she wants. Edna has an independent, almost self centered, nature about her. Her need for an uncontrolled lifestyle is what leaves her feeling "owned" and wanting to break that label; she fights to do as she wishes. Little by little she breaks free of society's' image, letting her independence shine through. She cancels her Tuesday socials and helps out around the house doing little chores. The biggest step she made was her decision to move away from her mansion and into the "pigeon house", a little cottage around corner.

The Mission

The Mission takes place during the Jesuit Reductions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During this time many Jesuit missionaries established missions independent of the Spanish state in order to teach the native inhabitants Christianity. Leading this cause is Father Gabriel, a Spanish Jesuit Priest, who arrives in the Jungle in South America to set up a mission and convert a small village of Guarani Indians. In the beginning of the film, there is an image of a Jesuit missionary tethered to a cross which is being sent over the massive Gauze Falls.This act encourages Father Gabriel to try to reach out to the tribe. Guarani warriors track Father Gabriel down, prepared to kill him, as he tries to make his way to their village. Gabriel is able to calm the warriors down by playing a song which is the beginning of his acceptance into the tribe. The movie then shifts to Roding Mendoza, a slave trader and mercenary, who is filled with guilt after killing his brother and is looking for repentance. Father Gabriel, after finding out about Mendoza actions, seeks him out to offer him a way to repentance and salvation.Once Mendoza agrees, his armor ND weapons are bound within a satchel that is attached to his waist and he is challenged to scale the cliffs of Gauze Falls. He makes it up the falls and to the Guarani camp where he is met with skepticism and disdain. Eventually, one of the Guarani cuts the satchel off and throws it into the falls representing the forgiveness of the tribe and him being released from his penance. Mendoza then becomes a Jesuit under the guidance of Father Gabriel. The Guarani's gain confidence in Father Gabrielle mission from the leadership he portrays and the eagerness of the Guarani's to learn.During all of this, there are political events going on as well. Spain and Portugal sign a treaty ordering Spain to transfer the control of some land, which includes the land containing Father Gabrielle mission. This was a critical agreement since Spain had outlawed slavery but slavery remained legal in Portugal. As a result, the Jesuits have to fight to protect the missions from Portuguese slave traders. The threat being posed by the Portuguese leads papal emissary Alliteration (a representative of the pope) to make a decision about whether or not the mission should be shut down.Alliteration is torn between two controversial options; either he can side with the colonists and close the mission leading to the enslavement of the Guarani or he can side with the missions leaving the Jesuit to face the Portuguese government. He eventually decides to close the mission but Father Gabriel and Mendoza refuse to obey the decision. The two try tactics of fighting and peace to resist the Portuguese but are eventually taken down by the Portuguese army and the mission is burned down and the Priests and Guarani adults are massacred.Spain and Portugal, the Church administrative hierarchy, and the Jesuit order can e described as having their own culture as institutions based on the apparent separation of motives between each which came from the different ways of thinking that were developing at the time. The Jesuits showed a genuine care about the spiritual well-being of the Guarani people where Spain and Portugal were not as charitable as represented by the government officials. Spain and Portugal had a culture that was based off of nationalistic viewpoints. Spain and Portugal were competing for power in the New World and were unsure about how to treat the native people.Spain's idea was to maintain control by forcing Christianity and their ultra on to the natives. Portugal Just looked to enslave them to show their superiority. Both countries, though, looked for power instead of trying to help the natives accept a new way of life as these countries brought over colonists. Their main concern was to benefit their country versus helping others. These countries would do anything to show their countries power, including tak ing away power from the church to control the fate of the mission. This is made obvious in the scene where the Pope's emissary, Ultramarine, is to decide the fate of the mission.Father Gabriel sees the datives as naturally spiritual and tries to defend the Jesuit position. Portuguese officials see the tribe as unfit for civilization and eventually kill off any natives that resist their rule once the mission is disbanded and enslaves the rest. Either way Ultramarine went, it seemed that Portugal would get its way in the end. From this it is also evident what the motive of the Church was; which was to maintain authority on the outcome of the Guarani project. With the revolts going on against the Church, the Church wanted to use the control they did have to get their agenda completed.Jesuit missionaries were left to succumb to their decisions and this affected the final outcome of the mission as well as the everyday business of the missionaries. The Jesuit missionaries started to try t o break away from the church by not forcing European customs on the natives. In this way they started to become enlightened. Ultramarine did go and experience the missions but he saw the economic practices of the mission to mirror that of radical French Socialism rather than understanding that it was a direct result of what they had learned from the New Testament. WhenUltramarine encountered some Guarani natives who could barely be recognized as such, he was fully pleased. This shows how the Church wanted the natives to completely conform to their ways and culture instead of bringing out the good in the natives like the Jesuits were trying to do. The authorities of the church wanted one thing while the missionaries wanted another. The Jesuits crossed cultural boundaries by merging their beliefs and teachings with the Guarani culture. The Jesuit missions expected the natives to convert to Christianity but generally did not expect them to adopt the European cultural norms.The Jesuits also crossed cultural boundaries by trying to give the natives social mobility. The Jesuits gathered the Guarani into these missions to protect them while they taught them how to read and write as well as be self-productive. Works Cited Hounded, Anthony. â€Å"Reductions of Paraguay. † CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA:. Robert Appleton Company, n. D. Web. 17 July 2014. â€Å"The Jesuit Missions: Their History. † The Jesuit Missions: Their History. N. P. , n. D. Web. 17 July 2014. Bulgaria, Lenore. â€Å"The Jesuit Missions in South America. † Catholicism. N. P. , 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 17 July 2014.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Luiz Incio Lula da Silva Free Online Research Papers Luiz Incio Lula da Silva created change in Brazil in many positive ways. Before his term in office as the president of Brazil, Lula was elected as president of the Steel workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. He organized many major events including strikes during his time as president for the Steel Workers Union. Luiz had then become a congress member. This was his chance to prove to the people he was able to be a helpful asset to them. During his term in congress he strongly supported the workers class movement. Since Lula has been president, he has accomplished many goals. To fully understand his impact on Brazil, it is important to go over his life accomplishments. In 1975 Lula was elected as president of the Steel Workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. During his time in office for the Steel Workers Union he was responsible for the organizations for strikes and many other activities. Lula was arrested shortly after the strikes began. He later spent around a month in jail, but then was release due to protests. Lula had been the President of the Central Única dos Trabalhadores for many years after. This was a union federation that is influenced by the Partido dos Trabalhadores. This affected his process in which he was to become the president of Brazil in a very positive way. He was already known for his leadership and willingness to get things accomplished; clearly this meant that he would benefit the people of Brazil. During Lula’s political career in the early 90’s he joined a campaign that was for the impeachment of the president Fernando Collor de Mello. This was because he wanted to help get Fernando impeached after there had been a series of scandals involving public funds. After many years Fernando had returned to the senate. Because of this Lula had then brought him into his â€Å"allied base†. This â€Å"allied base† was a group of parties of politicians that Lula had attacked politically before his election to the presidency of Brazil. Also during his political career Lula first ran for an office in the early 80’s. He ran for the state government of So Paulo. Lula lost this election, but this was not the last time he would run for office. Shortly after his loss he won a seat in congress that gave him another step towards the presidency. In the late 80’s’ still in congress Lula decided to run for the PT presidential candidate. His party was formed and is known as â€Å"loose confederacy of trade unionists, grassroots activists, left-wing Catholics, left-center social democrats, and small Trotskyist grouping. Lula’s party earned him the distrust of â€Å"better-off Brazilians†. This was because of the ability of the PT to have presented its self as a working class mass movement organized as grassroots. Since Lula had been involved in the Workers Class Party he had decided not to run in the re-election as congressman. Instead he decided to run for president in 1994 and 1998. In 1994 he lost to the former ex-minister of Finance, Fernando Cardoso. He also lost the election in 1998. Finally, in 2003 Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was elected president of Brazil, defeating Jose Serra. During his presidency, Lula has done many social projects and received many awards. Since being elected, Lula has put social programs at the top of his to-do list. Lula’s main project has been to eradicate hunger. This program brings together a series of programs with the goal to end hunger in Brazil. The creation of water cisterns in Brazils semi-arid region of Serto. Also actions to counter juvenile pregnancy, to strengthen family agriculture, to distribute a minimum amount of cash to the poor, and many others. In March 2006, The Economist wrote that â€Å"Lula has a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue. As a result, he has befriended both Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez and former U.S. President George W. Bush.† Leading a large and competitive agricultural state, Lula generally opposes and criticizes farm subsidies. During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade has dramatically increased, changing from deficits to seve ral surpluses since 2003. In 2004 the surplus reached $29 billion due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil has also provided UN peace-keeping troops and leads a peace-keeping mission in Haiti. Another major goal of Lulas foreign policy has been for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. So far the attempts have been unsuccessful.(3) Since Lula has been President of Brazil, he has received numerous medals. Some of these include the Brazilian Order of Merit, the Brazilian Orders of Military, Naval and Aeronautical Merit, the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit, the Norwegian Order of Royal Merit the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle and the Order of the Southern Cross. He has also received the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 2003 and was the chief guest at Indias Republic Day celebration in 2004. Next, in December 2008, Lula was named the 18th most important person in the world by Newsweek magazine. He was the only Latin American person featured in a list of 50 most influential World leaders. In 2009, Lula was chosen as the Man of the Year by two European newspapers El Paà ­s and Le Monde. The Financial Times ranks Lula among the 50 faces that shaped the 2000’s. In conclusion, one can see Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is a very important figure in Brazil. From Lula’s early days as president of the Steel workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema, one could see his great leadership skills while forming the strikes. Lula never gave up trying to be president and it payed off. As president, Lula has accomplished many goals, and has focused on many social projects to help Brazil. Lula has received many awards for his achievements and was even named one of the most important people on earth. Lula has earned the right to be called a great politician. Research Papers on Luiz Incio Lula da SilvaTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The Fall of the Twin Towers essays

The Fall of the Twin Towers essays I am doing m project on the terrorist attacks and attacks of the world and I will be showing you how the U.S is handling them I will go into some terrorist attacks that occurred in New, York city. I will go into detail; about what has happened in 911, I will discuss how it effected our economy and the world. I am also going to go into what the U.S is trying to do to stop terrorist attacks. A lot of my project is going to talk about the twin towers. I will talk about the fire fighters that died given up there lives and then I will discuss the hunting for bin laden. After that I am going to discuss the situation of Iraq and of north Korea Terrorist attacks have been happen all over the world in the Middle East the Pakistans have been fighting the Jews for there land. When the Pakistans saw how the U.N, and the Americans where on the side of the Jews they took this as an offense. Theyre where terrorist attacks before 911. The first attack failed, the only thing that was destroyed was the basement level of the twin towers. As we all now on September 11 2001 2 planes hit the twin towers. Clearly the attack where coordinated, the two flights that hit the twin towers where coming from Boston. Tower one was the first one to get hit, then Tower 2 was hit after. When the plane hit into tower 2 it was so powerful the hit was so powerful that it sent a fireball out the other side of the building. People where evacuating the building, but all the heat in the building cased the south tower to collapse, and just about an half an hour after the north tower collapsed. All that is left of the Twin Towers is rubble but now they have cleared every thing away. The after math of it all was bad Many people have died because this terror attack. . These attacks have slowed down the economy very bad. Many people no longer want to travel because fear of highjackers coming on the planes. The stock market ...

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Coursework Example My t-shirt can only be obtained from a Wal-Mart store since it is a crew t-shirt that forms a part of their brand. It cannot be found in any other store (Walmart.com). 2. Tortured and raped by Israel, Persecuted and jailed by the U.S is an article from truth-out.org written by Dahr Jamail. It circles around a Palestinian woman; Rasmea Odeh aged 67 years who was imprisoned after the court found her guilty of immigration fraud. It depicts the west as superior to the Middle East because Odeh was charged in the States due to activities that she is alleged to have committed in Israel back in 1967. Superiority of the west is noted in the ability of the United States’ judicial system that claims to have acquired enough evidence to tie her to those allegations. Association between Israel and the United States in continuing their oppression of Palestine is shown in this article. It is where orientalism comes in, Palestine is considered dangerous and a threat to Israel who is allies with the United States. United States is acting to safeguard Israel’s dark secrets; this is shown by the court’s failure to take into account all that happe ned to Odeh while she was held in Israel (Jamail). 3. Spain, one of the most populous nations in Europe borders France to the northeast and Portugal to the northwest. People crossing the border at both ends are required to produce an identity card or a passport; this applies to the EEA, EU and Swiss citizens. Spain’s borders between these two countries are sparsely populated, but there are towns that exist for example; Ayamonte and Badajoz, which is at the Spain-Portugal border and Portbou at the Spain-France border. Spain’s border with France has one of the most effective natural boundaries with the highest terrain. On the other hand, Spain’s border with Portugal has relatively low terrain

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES - Essay Example Inflamed by environmental, security, economic and social concerns, regulations on energy have been in a flux. Majority of the changes are exhibiting impact on renewable energy. This cuts across from policies designed explicitly to promote energy sources that are renewable and some policies targeted to influence indirectly renewable energy barriers and incentives (Frass-Ehrfeld, 2009). Renewable energy is provided by the environment. Thus, practitioners should relocate from buildings closed environments to the exterior. This is not a big deal as our natural environment provides the fulfillment and the joy of renewable energy. The renewable energy sources are resupplied continuously by the solar or through tapping resources that are inexhaustible including geothermal power, wind and water among others (â€Å"NREL.U.S. Department of Energy†, 1997). The utilization of renewable energy modern technologies has contributed significantly to pollution reduction. Due to increased consumer demand, renewable energy technology has expanded significantly. For example, renewable energy is always scattered in the environment making it damn expensive and difficult to contain. According to Twidell and Weir (2006), renewable energy wide spread application would act in favor of communities that are dispersed in comparison to concentrated ones. In that case, powering of electricity grids will be based on embedded generation that is small-scaled. Therefore, power flows will move intermittently in divergent directions corresponding to local demand and local generation. As renewable energy is spreading at a faster speed, modern technology and science has a great influence on it. For instance, they have ensured that there is an improvement to the existing technologies. However, it is quite difficult to exactly predict the long-term impacts of the changes. As a matter of fact, renewable energy