Montessori Education

maria Montessori developed her approach based on fundamental rationales that take a leak a Montessori school. The principles that entrust be discussed through break through this paper pass on function you to earn the principles that be practiced and developed for each classroom. computer simulation early puerility program is an exemplary approach to early shaverhood education that serves as a guide, (Morrison S. G. P 142). Montessori Program would best religious service the recreate of boorren and their families. This program has basic principles that are design to bring the naturalization of electric razor development, and to help the shaver crack through out his/her life.Because of her conquest with these children, she was asked to start a school for children in a housing get wind in Rome, which opened on January 6, 1907, and which she called Casa dei Bambini or Childrens House. Childrens House was a child care center in an apartment building in the brusque nei ghborhood of Rome. She was focused on instruction the students ways to develop their induce skills at a pace they set, which was a principle Montessori called spontaneous selfdevelopment. A wide variety of special equipment of increasing complexity is used to help direct the interests of the child and hasten development.When a child is ready to contract new and more difficult tasks, the teacher guides the childs first endeavors in enounce to avoid wasted effort and the attainment of wrong habits otherwise the child understands alone. It has been reported that the Montessori rule of teaching has enabled children to learn to read and write oft more quickly and with greater facility than has otherwise been possible. The Montessori Method of teaching concentrates on quality rather than quantity. The success of this school sparked the opening of numerous more, and a worldwide interest in Montessoris methods of education.The principle I would the wish well to start the paper out would be the prepared surroundings. By having a prepared milieu this allow the child to learn and develop denial as well as getting in a scrap that is best for the child to get used to for their life and how to be dependent. The teacher is supposed to guide the student in the direction but this method allows the children to learn the importance of structure and to a degree dependant. There are all antithetical whiles that are in these groups and by doing it this way the children forget gain knowledgeable information from older children.It seems that smaller children learn easier and quicker off of older peers, so that is why it was so special doing it this way, this as well as prepares the children for future challenges and schooling as they get older. The Approaches to Early puerility discipline by Roopnarine and Johnson (2005) explains childrens responsibility by stating, There is a slopped emphasis on the development of individual responsibility. For example, children return materials to their place subsequently use, the classroom is cleaned and maintainedand they participate in the development of classroom rules (p 366).This teaches the children selfsufficient which leave be a big part of their life. The absorbent of the mind was the undermentioned idea about how the children should be educated. This principle showed the spontaneous and the drive of the inward child. At the occurring of this fulfil the Montessori began to divide the children into two, the unconscious coif and the conscious stage. At birth to three twelvemonths of age, Montessori said the children were in an unconscious stage (Roopnarine and Johnson, 2005, p. 369).Here the children are absorbing from the environment that surrounds them. An infant hears a soldiers of environmental sounds but is naturally and unconsciously cued in to sound of the piece voice. Gradually, without conscious effort by the child, the child absorbs the sounds and rhythms of his or her native lan guage, as well as its vocabulary, semantics and syntax. The conscious stage happens right after(prenominal) the unconscious stage and goes to six age of age. The child now has a growing ability to organize and classify information, experiences and concepts.By separating them from these ages it was able to make sure that we wasnt showing to teach a six month old something that a ten year old was doing. To start with, Montessori stated, the childis a constant inquirer who absorbs his environment, takes e verything from it, and incorporates it in himself. Montessori viewed different parts of the environment as contributing to the oerall development of the child. The parts of the environment embroil freedom, structure and order, satisfyingity and nature, beauty and atmosphere.Freedom was seen as the natural embrace of the child that develops independence (p. 371). In addition, children have free choice to houseclean their activity, pick their materials and pick if they want to turn tail as an individual or with a group, when a child is able to pick it makes them feel like they thought of that and that they are in some what control it is forever better for a child to have an option instead of someone express them that this is what they have to do. Structure and order unfold as the children develop their exalted environment.Reality and nature focused on the materials that were used in a Montessori classroom the material placed in a childs hands should be of authentic quality and should tangibly represent the real world. Beauty and atmosphere created a sense of harmony where the environment needs to be clean, attractive, and well cared for. Learning materials were mentioned before, within reality and nature, in addition the materials were seen as, preparing the child both directly and indirectly for subsequent study.In the last part of the environment, development of the community life, mare Montessori power saw socialization as a key element. Maria method for the children eruditeness through play is able to help the child bring unitedly all the elements of life as they experience it. The secret to helping young children thrive is to keep the spirit of creativity and playful breeding lively and active, the children does not want to do the same thing over and over they want something fun, something that they can laugh and play with.It a person always makes it so hard and no fun then the child will be more resistant to learning it. We as adults, children natural review us, for some that is good but for other that is not. For example my 2 year old daughter Anyssa, she imitate me when I am sitting out side smoking a cigarette, or when I am talk of the town on the phone she will do and say as I do. So what I have to do is watch after her and try to hide when I am smoking I do not want my child growing up smoking. So at every stage in a childs life we are teaching them something weather we think we are or not.Another principle would be homosexual development. benignant development is often not dimmed and steady acquisitions seem to arrive suddenly, almost overnight, and with explosive impact. Such learning explosions are the sudden outward manifestation of a long process of internal growth. For example, the explosion of spoken language around two days of age is the result of many months of inner preparation and mental development. Human development was viewed as a process form birth to maturity. Babies are born to learn, they are remarkable learning instruments.These stages represent six years of life as well it introduces the views of the Montessori way. The first period of life is very importance. From birth to age six the child is seen as constructing him/herself. Childrens spirit development and their ability to learn throughout life rely on the interplay between natures and nurture. What happen to children early in life have a long-lasting influence on how they develop and learn? The human top dog is quite plastic it has the ability to change in response to different kinds of experiences and environments.An enriched environment influences brain development. This process is called the constructive rhythm of life. Maria Montessori developed her approach based on important principles that make a Montessori school. The principles that will be discussed throughout this paper will help you to understand the principles that are practiced and developed for each classroom. Model early childhood program is an exemplary approach to early childhood education that serves as a guide. I believe the Montessori Program would best service the interest of children and their families.This program has basic principles that are design to bring the naturalization of child development. To understand Montessori nurture, one must first acknowledge and under Marias philosophy about children and education. By incorporating this as a learning tool in the early years, I believe this would further e rect them with reading and writing and learning new things while children there age or older are not quite that advance as the child that was taught this method of learning. Since her death an interest in Dr. Montessoris methods have move to spread throughout the world.Her message to those who emulated her was always to turn ones attention to the child, to follow the child. It is because of this basic tenet, and the observation guidelines left by her, that Dr. Montessoris ideas will never become obsolete. Many people, hearing of the spirited academic level reached by students in this system of education, miss the point and think that Montessori math artful (as an example) is all there is to the Montessori method. It is easy to acquire materials and to take short courses to learn to use them, but the real value of Montessori takes long and thorough tuition for the adult.The potential of the child is not just mental, but is revealed only when the do Montessori method is understoo d and followed. The childs choice, practical work, care of others and the environment, and above all the high levels of concentration reached when work is respected and not interrupted, reveal a human being that is superior not only academically, but emotionally and spiritually, a child who cares deeply about other people and the world, and who works to smash a unique and individual way to contribute.This is the essence of real Montessori work today. Reference Morrison. G. S Early childhood Education Today. Pearson Education Inc. 2009 Roopnarine . J and Johnson . J (Eds). Approaches to Early Childhood Education New Jersey Pearson Education Inc. 2005 Seldin. T and Epstein. P The Montessori Way, The Montessori Foundation 2003

A Social Family Institution in India

Location India has an firmament of approximately 3,287,580 sq. kilometers. It serves as a border to the Bay of Bengal the Indian Ocean, and to the Arabian Sea located to its west. Directly north of India atomic number 18 the Himalayas, the worlds prodigiousgest mountain range. India also serves as a neighbor to several several(predicate) countries. Myanmar and Bangladesh located to its east, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, Sri Lanka to the South, and fin eithery Afghanistan and Pakistan on the northwest.Topography India is separated into 4 main regions, these are the Ganges, Indus Plains, Desert zone, and the Southern Peninsula. Physiologically India is divided ten multiplication.A old antheral usually heads families in India. In the senior antherals household a family throw out be precise large. The senior males family can include his un matrimonial children, married children alongside their wives and kids, unmarried younger brothers and sisters, and married brother s with their wives and children. It is common however for families to separate once the father dies. This idea of family is authoritative for both(prenominal) nuclear family and extended family.As already stated above the size of a typical Indian family is real large. The senior male is responsible for providing the financial assistance to the family while his wife takes care of the house. She assigns chores to all of the females in the household. The Elderly are taken care upon dearly by their family members.The jointure traditions in India subscribe been in existence for a very long time. The necessitate a long and important set of rules that are carefully followed by most. A marriage arrangement is a big responsibility for the parents of both the female and male. A marriage is arranged fix primarily on religion, family wealth, and the hope for a good biological reproduction.Marriages in India are no different than in most of the countries around the world. It is a very s pecial yett for the bride and grooms family and friends. For both the male and the female marriage is a big change not and socially unless mentally as well. Only once married is one sincerely considered to have made the transition to adulthood. Married couples display a strengthened for male children. Males are desired more because of financial contribution the may supply for the family. Girls on thew other hand are some times viewed as very big liabilities, The more one has the more conjectural one is. They are viewed as very expensive to support and want very expensive dowries once they are married. Families that have mevery girls and very few or no males are in great risk of exposure of experiencing financial disaster.The roles played by males and females in the Indian society have a very strong presence. Their roles have changed very little in the last couple of decades. Males are the dominant sex in the society. Females have very little power or control everyplace the ir lives. The males main role is to provide financial stability.Indias informational system is one that is very similar to that held by the British. It consists of phoebe bird levels of rearing. take one is preprimary, followed by primary (which in the American system would twin grades 1-5), middle class (middle school), secondary (9 and 10 grades), and finally higher levels (11 and 12 grades). India s governments is currently working very hard to make the peoples education a top priority. The Indian government supplies the people with free education, even with free education only about half of the children experience school. It is viewed by the Indian people that it is more important for the males to attend school than it is for the females. turn up of the 50 Indian population is illiterate, 66% of these are females.Higher education in India is not very big. Out of all of the people that attend primary and secondary education less than 10% go on to higher education. Its popu larity however is increasing greatly compared to past years. Indias collegiate system is divided into three. One of these three types is the religious college. These are colleges found by politicians and by wealthy families. They did this in order to run into popularity amongst the people. Government colleges constitute the second type these are colleges that are found on the outskirts of big cities. They lack private investments and are therefor founded by the government. The third type is called Professional colleges. These are colleges that mainly receive both government and private aid. Professional colleges are the beset of colleges to study carriers such as medicine, engineering etc.2-India Literacy rate is very high in numbers but very low in percentages. They have over 400 million people that can read but this constitutes only about 56% of the population.1- India runs its government under a constitution created in 1949. The chairwoman of India is elected by the parliament and serves a term of five years. The Prime Minster of India is also a very powerful man in this country. It is said that he has more power than the president. Lok Sabah, otherwise know as the Lower House of Parliament is controlled by the ministers. The federal Parliament consists of no more than 250 members. The President appoints twelve of them and most of the others are appointed by their state. The Lower House has no more than 545 members. Just like the president they serve terms that last fore five years. In flake of a national emergency the president can overrule any state government.

Administrative Discretion – Essay

Administrative chthonicstanding NAME SCHOOL Should overt administrators be restricted to only set(p) overcome rules in the discharge of their duties as espoused by Max weber or should they have some amount of tact? To me that is a objective open question in regards to public administration and depending on the agency either administrators following guidelines is best or administrators following their best discretion stop be the best for the situation at hand. So when answer this question I can go either way, situation and component permitting.In this paper I will go into further fact to explain why both sides of this question argon equally applicable. When situations come out and public administrators have to declare decisions in regards to the public safety, environmental safety, or the safety of anything in general it is important that they follow the situated low-spirited rules that their duties are bound by. Legal-rational authority is based on a flavor in the le gitimacy of the pattern of normative rules and the rights of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands (1). This can also be translated into follow the rules of monastic order E genuinelything has always worked better if everyone and everything follows this bureaucratic rule of thumb. One situation where public administrators should have been held to follow the laid down rules in regards to their duties was the finalization of the DoD, or Department of disproofs budget. The ultimate work around was an concomitant to make a decision and funds were allocated for the mean meter besides potentially this could have been a major freeze on the volume of DoD operations to include the Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy, and Coast Guard.On the new(prenominal) hand, there is an different option that makes sense. Public administrators, while following the laid down rules they are to follow, can be very effective when allowed alter amounts of discretion in their accompl ishments. Weber states that legal-rational authority is superior to any other form in precision, in stability, in stringency of its discipline, and in its reliability. It thence makes possible a particularly high degree of calculability of results for the heads of organizations and for those acting in relation to it (1).Now taking that this type of bureaucracy that is followed works very well, in my career in the military I have versed that when particular situations arise, flexibility and speed is key. Thus in turn, public administrators are allowed that extra bit of flexibility just like in the object lesson study 5 Wichita Confronts Contamination. City Manager Chris Cherches used the flexibility he had managing the city and was able to lay aside the city and state thousands if non millions of dollars that would be wasted if the EPA had been forced to manage the citys cleanup operation.Cherches alert action, flexibility and determination in service to his city was detriment al to not only saving the cost that would have been brought to the city and state provided his actions show how being allowed the discretion in his position actually provided a better outcome than not. Ultimately, flexibility or discretion is the deciding fixings when it comes to getting the tyrannical result or outcome of any situation.When it comes down to it, it is the actual situation or circumstance that dictates what the best course of action is to be, whether it is to follow the rules down to the letter or to have the discretion to make the decisions that will ultimately be the deciding factor in the positive outcome. With the examples give, on one hand you have congress who cannot come to an harmony over the finalization of a budget for the arm of the government, the Department of Defense and luckily was able to extend the term of the budget freeing up an allocated amount of funds.On the other was the City Manager of Wichita, Kansas who was able to save not only the city but the state countless amounts of gold in a cleanup operation. So as you can go out it is not a question of what is right, answer A all of the time or answer B all of the time, it is the question of which situation applies can you use answer A, answer B for the particular situation. In the real world, situation and circumstances dictate all actions and outcomes. References 1. Stillman, R. J. , II (2010). Public Administration, Concepts and Cases. Boston, MA Wadsworth

Is Troy Maxson a “Tragic Hero?”

A tragic hero is a character who employ to do penny-pinching deeds in the light of others tho whollyows for his flaws or inner struggles to overcome him. As a result, this d averfall leads to the characters death. In the case of troy weight Max male child, main character from the play Fences by August Wilson, it is clear that he constantly struggles to keep up with sizeable deeds for his family, but unfortunately allowed his inner flaws to lead him to his lonely and tragic death. T presentfore, troy Maxson is indeed considered a tragic hero and there argon pieces of evidence throughout the aforementioned play that further proves my point. troy weight Maxson is a man with two sons by the name of Cory and Lyons Maxson. He had Lyons before he went to jail with one char and had Cory after jail with rise Maxson his circulating(pre no.inal) wife. His character is hasten up of both positive and negative attributes. He can be described as controlling because he has all the authorit y during the beginning of the story when Cory brings up an opportunity in acquire into college football. When this idea is brought onto troys table, his immediate response was to say no. The reason for this action was clear.He was protecting his son from having high hopes because he believed the color barrier was not broken. Although he said no to Corys opportunity, he was organism a hero in his own carriage. Troy Maxson was known to be the breadwinner of the family. He provided for his wife and his son which is why he was watch overed. His characteristics were that of a powerful man. Rose asks Troy what you all out here provoketing into? And he responds what you worried about what we getting into for? This is men gabble, woman (1. 1. 41-1. 1. 42). This name gives an example of his strong masculinity characteristics.He struggled a carry on when he was younger living with his beat. His bewilder did not provide for the family materialistically or emotionally. Growing up to t his horrible emotional statestyle, Troy was either pass to learn, grow, and live by example, or completely live his own life. He decided to live by example and do the opposite of what his suffer did. Although there were a couple of mistakes he make, he made sure he did not make the same mistake his dad made which was not providing for the family. Rose was Troys wife who respected him as a husband and made him and her children dinner every night.According to what he says, he truly fucks his wife I love this woman. I love this woman so a lot it hurts. I love her so much I done run out of ways of loving her (1. 1. 173). This quote allows the reader to run across that the Maxson family does have a foundation of love. Cory and Lyons to a fault value their father because in their eyes he was an excellent father figure. Bono was Troys best friend whom he met at a castigation center and has known him for 30 years. Troy was a role beat to Bono and he admired Troys leadership and re sponsibility at work.After ground the protagonists heroic side, it is necessary to netherstand that he also had a tragic downfall and that he has certain weaknesses. Troy made sure to provide for his family materialistically, but unfortunately did not expose too much of his love to his children. He was able to reluctantly give Lyons hug drug dollars a week but that was not enough to process him make a living. Lyons states I just stay with my music because thats the only way I can find to live in the world (1. 1. 153). His woolgather is to be a musician.But maybe he needed much than ten dollars a week to conquer his dream? Maybe he needed some father to son affection? Maybe being separated from his dad at such an early age bear on him emotionally? He did not care for him so this in consider helped Lyons become more independent. Regardless of the lack of emotional support from Troy, he continues aspiring to reach his goal. Troy can also be considered a hero because he allows Lyons to be an independent man. Troy was known to be jealous of Cory because he got the opportunity to play a sport without diversity against his race.Cory expressed his feelings to his dad in this quote Papa done went up to the school and told Coach Zellman I cant play football no more. Told him to pick out the recruiter not to come. Just cause you didnt have a take on You just scared Im gonna be better than you, thats all. (1. 4. 158-1. 4. 166) Cory is clearly stressing the fact that his father said no and blames it on his jealousy, but what he does not realize is that his father is also trying to protect him from discrimination.The reason why Troy has this mentality is because he grew loving sports, just like his son, during the time of the lightlessness Leagues. He was discriminated against and he thinks that that is what Cory would go through. He might have been jealous, but he also played a heroic figure by protecting his son. Towards the end of the play Troy seems to be continuing his thoroughfare down tragic lane. He betrays his wife by treachery on her with another woman, Alberta, and impregnating her. Alberta has her daughter but dies in the act of cock-a-hoop birth. Troy is left with no choice but to care for his daughter.Rose cuts it off with Troy, but not completely because they still live under the same roof. She is more independent now and leaves the house when she pleases. Troys relationship with Bono, Cory and Rose changed immensely. He has lost his respect and it will be very challenging for him to redeem it. Bono has made new friends and stops by Troys house once in a while. They talk about their hopes for their future and about their wives. They no longer work in the same industry so after work Troy has no one to talk to. Cory and his father are not in good shape either.The scene where Troy sits in his backyard after pay twenty-four hours to drink his gin and sing is when he picks a dramatic weight-lift with his son. Cory refuses to say excuse me when passing by his father so Troy gets offended and tries to assert his role as a father by insisting that Cory leave his house and provide for himself since he lost his respect as the man of the house. He goes on by saying You just another nigger on the street to me (2. 4. ). He also stresses to his son that he provided for him but Cory does not take that into consideration because to him that was all materialistic.He gave little loving care which ultimately made him fear his own father. Although Troy kicked his son out of his house, the fact that there was a personal blockade during their fight, it proves that it was immature on Troys part except mature on Corys because of the way he went about the situation. Cory scolded his father for all his wrong doings and betrayals to the family. He challenges him to a physical fight, in his case involving a bat, just like Troy did to his father. Troy is a hero in the sense that he pushed Cory into manhood. Troy is alon e. He is lonely.His life is not the same anymore. He tried his best by providing for his family and by showing his new daughter his better side of him. When Troy died caused by a heart attack, he left his legend as a hero behind. He supported Lyons with money each week he provided his love to Rose his friendship and leadership to Bono and finally his protection and help for Corys future. Unfortunately, he allowed for his personal demon or flaw to get the best of him which led him to his death, but did good deeds in the lights of others gravid Troy Maxson the title of a Tragic Hero.

Anti Terrorism

Philosophical argu workforcets Retribution Supporters of the last penalisation fence ind that death penalisation is morally honourableified when applied in assassinate especially with aggravating elements such as multiple homicide, child bump off, ache murder and mass belt downing such as terrorism, massacre, or genocide. some(a) even conclude that non applying death penalization in latter(prenominal) subject fields is patently unjust. This argument is strongly defended by New York licit philosophy prof Robert Blecker 4, who says that the revengement must be painful in proportion to the crime.It would be unfair that those who drop committed these horrible crimes stay alive, even incarcerated. Abolitionists argue that payback is simply revenge and can non be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that bread and butter without parole is a sufficient substitute. Human goods Abolitionists believe capital punish ment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to invigoration is the most important, and judicial death penalty violates it without necessity and take downs to the condemned a psychological torture.Albert Camus wrote in a 1956 halt called Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a tightness camp is from prison. For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would stupefy to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in underground life. 5 This view contradicts classic natural rights doctrine, which stresses that the right to life can be forfeited by grave misbehavior. 3 Practical arguments Wrongful execution principal(prenominal) article Wrongful execution Capital punishment is practically unconnected on the grounds that innocent tribe will inevitably be executed. Supporters of capital punishment object that these lives have to be weighed against the far to a greater extent numerous innocent people whose lives can be surrenderd if the murderers argon deterred by the prospect of being executed. 6 Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. 7 However, statistics likely downplay the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes marvelous at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. An some other issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the acc utilise has a public defender. The competence of the defense lawyer is a crack predictor of whether or not somebody will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime. 8 Also, imp roper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. 9 This refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Racial and gender factors in the United StatesAfrican Americans, though they soon make up whole 12 percent of the general population, have made up 41 percent of death row inmates and 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976. 10 According to Craig Rice, a black member of the Maryland state legislature The question is, are more people of color on death row because the system intrusts them there or are they committing more crimes because of unequal access to education and opportunity? The focussing I was raised, it was always to be held accountable for your actions. 11 As of 2010, women account for alone 1. % (55 people) of inmates on death row, with men accounting for the other 98. 3% (3206). Since 1976, only 1. 0% (12) of those executed were women. 12 Deterrence The existence of a deterrence ready is disputed. Studies-especially older ones-differ as to whether executions deter other potential criminals from committing murder or other crimes. One reason that there is no general consensus on whether or not the death penalty is a assay is that it is used so seldom only about one out of both 300 murders actually results in an execution. In 2005 in the Stanford right Review, toilette J.Donohue III, a right professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote that the death penalty is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be dis entangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors The lively evidence for deterrence is surprisingly fragile. Wolfers stated, If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way, I could probably give you an answer. 13 Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University, authored a hit the books that looked at all 3,054 U. S. counties e genuinelywhere two decades, and concluded that each execution saved five lives. Mocan stated, I personally am opposed to the death penalty But my search utters that there is a interference effect. 13 Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who was involved in some(prenominal) studies on the death penalty, stated, I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different groundsBut I do believe that people respond to incentives. Shepherd found that the death penalty had a check-out procedure effect onl y in those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996. In the Michigan Law Review in 2005, Shepherd wrote, Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program. 13 The question of whether or not the death penalty deters murder normally revolves around the statistical analysis. Studies have produced disputed results with disputed significance. 14 Some studies have shown a positive correlation between the death penalty and murder evaluate15 in other words, they show that where the death penalty applies, murder rate are also high. This correlation can be interpreted in either that the death penalty increases murder rates by brutalizing society, or that higher murder rates cause the state to retain or reintroduce the death penalty. However, supporters and opponents of the different statistical studies, on both sides of the issue, argue that correlation does not imply causation.The case for a large deterrent effect of capital punishment has been sig nificantly strengthened since the 1990s, as a wave of sophisticated econometric studies have exploited a newly-available determine of data, so-called panel data. 6 Most of the recent studies demonstrate statistically a deterrent effect of the death penalty. 16 However, critics claim severe methodological flaws in these studies and hold that the empirical data offer no basis for conk out statistical conclusions about the deterrent effect. 17 Surveys and jacket crowns conducted in the extreme 15 years show that some patrol chiefs and others involved in law enforcement may not believe that the death penalty has any deterrent effect on individuals who commit violent crimes. In a 1995 poll of randomly selected police chiefs from across the U. S. , the officers rank the death penalty last as a way of deterring or preventing violent crimes. They ranked it in arrears many other forms of crime control including reducing drug crime and use, lowering technical barriers when prosecuting , putting more officers on the streets,and making prison sentences longer.They responded that a better economy with more jobs would lessen crime rates more than the death penalty18 In fact, only one percent of the police chiefs surveyed thought that the death penalty was the primary focus for reducing crime. 19 However, the police chiefs surveyed were more likely to favor capital punishment than the general population. In addition to statistical evidence, psychological studies examine whether murderers think about the consequences of their actions onward they commit a crime.Most homicides are spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous, emotionally impulsive acts. Murderers do not weigh their options very carefully in this type of setting (Jackson 27). It is very doubtful that slayers give much thought to punishment before they kill (Ross 41). But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches semipolitical science at Marqu ette University If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers.If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. 20 This may be construed as contradicting the traditional legal view of Blackstone and the 12th Century legal scholar Maimonides whose oft-cited maxim is It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death. Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a guileful slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely according to the referees caprice. Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital ready reckoner searches and discovery requirements opening DAs files. Maimonides concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. 21 Cass R.Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, both of Harvard law school, however, have argued that if there is a deterrent effect it will save innocent lives, which gives a life-life tradeoff. The familiar problems with capital punishmentpotential error, irreversibility, arbitrariness, and racial skewdo not argue in favor of abolition, because the cosmea of homicide suffers from those same problems in even more acute form. They conclude that a serious commitment to the sanctity of human life may soundly compel, rather than forbid, that form of punishment. 6 Use of the death penalty on vindication bargainSupporters of the death penalty, especially those who do not believe in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, say the threat of the death penalty could be used to urge capital defendants to plead guilty, testify against accomplices, or tell the location of the victims body. Norman Frink, a senior deputy district attorney in the state of Oregon, considers capital punishment a valuable bill for prosecutors. The threat of death leads defendants to enter plea deals for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years-the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. 22 In a plea correspondence reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982 accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in throw for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. 232425 Cost Recent studies show that executing a criminal costs more than life gyves does. Many states have found it cheaper to sentence criminals to life in prison than to go through the time-consuming and bureaucratic process of executing a convicted criminal.Donald McCartin, an Orange County, California Jurist famous for sending nine men to death row during his career, has said, Its 10 times more expensive to kill criminals than to keep them alive. 26 This exclamation is actually low according to a June 2011 field of study by former death penalty prosecutor and federal judge Arthur L. Alarcon, and law professor Paula Mitchell. According to Alarcon and Mitchell, California has spent $4 jillion on the death penalty since 1978, and death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. 27 Death penalty proponents disagree, saying the study claiming the costs of the death penalty outweigh implementing life without parole is brisk by an anti-death penalty. 28 When califonians voters voted in 2012 about proposition 34, which aimed to abolish the death penalty, the cost was the main argument of proponents of the proposition in theirs TV ads, and was also pen on the ballot. The argument may have convinced some death pe nalty supporters, but the proposition was rejeted with 53% of the vote against it

Friendship: Interpersonal Relationship and Friendships

Fri terminations and intimacys in emergent matureness Carolyn Man hop onr Barry* Loyola University Maryland Stephanie D. Madsen McDaniel College Ill be there for you, when the rain starts to pour. l These lyrics began separately end of the popular situation comedy Friends. The trials and tribulations of these six 20- almostthing friends captivated the Ameri whoremaster public for a decade until Ross, Monica, Joey, Phoebe, Chandler, and Rachel eventu all(prenominal)y transiti mavend to due date at the utters closure.Perhaps the dooms popularity was collect to having some truth in the fiction (a) friends shadow be a proxy family for young battalion, spreeing invaluable advice, wear, and musicianship (b) friends end be of the alike or opposite hinge upon, but these two types of slamledge work some differentwise (c) friends may engage in casual sex, but may in any case become knotty senti manpowertalistally (d) associations argon central to the lives of appear b ig(p)s, particularly those who ar single and non in a serious sentimentalist relationship and (e) friends help people to figure themselves extinct and entrance their behavior, potentially for some(prenominal) effectual and bad.As is the case with all TV shows, there is as well pure fiction in this sitcom these six friends lived in the kindred apartments in the uniform(p) city ND often generation held down the same Job for everyplace a decade. Instead, instability is more than(prenominal) the norm among pretend uphill adults. Also, most American young people get unify and become p arnts in their new ass alternatively than the ass (as the sitcom depicted). So eyepatch close familiaritys be critical to acclivitous adults happiness, search for their identities, and true loves, friends become little burning(prenominal) once theyve figured out the big questions of life and settle down in marriage, p atomic number 18nthood, and life bilgewaters.Still, for eme rgent adults, friends can fill the growing gap between the clipping when they leave he families they grew * Carolyn Manager Barry is an associate professor of psychology at Loyola University Maryland. Stephanie Madsen is an associate professor of psychology at McDaniel College. 2 Changing Spirituality of appear Adults up in and when they establish families of their own. Can Men and Women Be Friends? With persons of the same or opposite sex. Children need same-sex friendships in order to develop into favorablely skilled, moral, and sympathetic adults.From the jejuneager years on, it is common to make friends with both sexes, and these friendships can be f good woodland, as determinen in Rachel and Joeys friendship?they regularly dual-lane puzzles, offered concur, and simply enjoyed each others company. Still, people most prefer same-sex friendships throughout their lives, and it is less common for men and women to be friends beyond college or after one friend marries. Fri endships between men and women differ in some ship counseling from those between people of the same sex. Mens friendships with women are more wound uply intimate than their friendships with men.And hetero versed men often seek friendships with women to whom they are sexually attracted. Not surprisingly then, approximately Alfa of opposite-sex friends in college report that they have engaged in sexual behavior, which has the potential to hurt the relationship. However, numerous college students believe that sex enhances a friendships quality and helps them to consider whether they exigency to remain Just friends or move on to something more. What Are Friendships Like? There appears to be some truth to the old adage hoots of a feather flock together. surely we saw this portrayed in the six characters on Friends. All dual-lane the same ethnicity (European American), enjoyed the same activities (sipping coffee at Central gather up), and had analogous levels of well-disposed skills (though Joey seemed more adept at getting dates than Ross or Chandler). Such similarities offer a common ground that strengthens friendships and helps them to endure. Womens friendships are often communal? oblation companionship, association, ablaze security, and chance onion. Friends Rachel and Monica acquited each other with late-night chats.Mens friendships accentuate competition and are more gigantic? providing help, a reliable alliance, and self-validation. Friends Joey and Chandler 3 competed in videotapes from co-ordinated recliners. Still, men and women value friendships with all of these features (perhaps placing greater importance on the communal). From the teen years on, intimacy becomes the hallmark of friendships and is related to how close we feel toward our friends. Emerging adults friendships are even more ablazely intimate than their friendships of Just a few years earlier. Relationship quality depends not only on what you give friends, but in any case what you get.In caterition to the healthy dimensions we described above, friendships can in addition have ostracize aspects, such as shop at conflict, power inequities, and antagonism. Womens friendships, in particular, can fall prey to co-rumination, where women obsess over problems in their lives in conversations with friends quite of taking fruitful action. In one episode of Friends, Chandler sought hold up from the girls following a break-up they urged him to talk well-nigh his feelings (adding, if you want to lead to depression. Thankfully, positive friendship qualities can help buffer negative ones.Friends foc practice sessiond on one particular cultural and ethnic crowd. Likewise, ongoing research on rising-adult friendships largely ignores cultural influences on friendships, though important differences exist. For example, different ethnic groups seek different friendship qualities. Asian Americans emphasize an amicable exchange of ideas, African Americans seek ac ceptance and respect, Latino Americans highlight the importance of relational support, and European Americans focus on bear oning undivided needs of each friend. How Do Friendships Change across Emerging Adulthood?Given the many transitions that emerge adults face, it is not surprising that their friendships change as well. Transformations in friendships and friendship entanglements relate to life spot rather than age. So knowing that a person is 20 versus 26 does not ell us much close their friendships. Instead, knowing whether they are sentimentalistally regard or have children is much more informative than age alone. Friends are frequent companions, getting together at least once a hebdomad for no specific purpose (for example, gathering at Central Perk Just to talk) and less frequently 4 for events such as movies, parties, and concerts.Friends hap less time to get together as they progress toward adulthood. condescension these overall changes in approaches to friendshi p interlockings, emerging adults keep their individual patterns of interacting with friends. So a very social or very shy teen result adopt the same approach to friendship networks as an emerging adult. The small friendship network on Friends remained stable over 10 years?not at all typical of most emerging adults networks. Instead, emerging adults become increasingly flexible in whom they include in friendship networks and how they maintain these networks.They grow more accepting of opposite-sex friendships, even retentivity former boyfriends or girlfriends on as friends. European American emerging adults friendship networks become more various(a) ( in particular if they are exposed to more various(a) social networks through allege or work), but the networks of African American, Latino American, and Asian American emerging adults become less diverse (especially if they invest in activities and groups linked to their ethnicity). Relative to the rest of the lifespan, friendship networks are the largest during early emerging adulthood and get smaller later on in emerging adulthood.Although women have more close friends than do men on average, mens and womens friendship networks are of equal size. Still, the friendship network on Friends did illustrate the density that is typical of emerging adults friends. It is common for many network members to share common links (working at the same place, breathing in the same building) or even to be friends with each other. commonwealth tend to form relationships with others in their same social situation. True to life, the characters in Friends shared roughly the same place in life when their group formed.They were single, had no or few childcare responsibilities, and were still searching for meaningful careers. More on the side of fiction, the friendship network of these television friends did not change in response to their own life changes, as is happily. Friends seldom featured the workplace, but many emerging a dults find friends there as they explore career pathways and settle into adult work roles. go stage influences the lives of single emerging-adult men, especially.These men often have large 5 friendship networks preparer, but have few friends who provide emotional or subservient support the time constraints inherent in beginning a career bring friendship networks down to a more manageable size. Career transitions dont seem to alter single womens friendship networks in the same way?women maintain ironsides networks during their careers that are similar in size to those they had while in their late teens and early ass. The characters on Friends had many amorous entailments, and whether emerging adults are single, dating, or married affects friendship networks.Single and dating people are potently attached to friends, naming friends as their top companions and confidants. In contrast, sentimentalistally involved emerging adults change the time they decease with friends. Early in t heir relationships, emerging-adult couples spend more time with friends to introduce them to their tender romanticist interest. merely as the relationship gets serious, the couple withdraws from the circle of friends. This was shown in the final succession of Friends. By then Monica and Chandler had hooked up, fallen in love, and gotten married.When the group of friends gathered to go on Earaches daughters initial behaveday, Monica and Chandler instead opted to sneak away for a romantic pass alone. Typically, withdrawal is selective, with couples using up less time with peripheral friends and more time with friends who support their relationship. A few Friends characters became parents, an event that typically happens at the end of?or even after?emerging adulthood. Although their tight friendship network remained stable, parenthood normally reorganizes friendship networks.New parents report fewer friends following the birth of a child, and fathers, especially, report less sa tisfying and positive friendships than they experienced beforehand. Family members more often than not do not try (and in truth feel that they should not try) to influence who emerging adults friends are or what they do with these friends. And friendships dont often influence family relationships. Instead, some emerging adults view their friends as universe family. Sexual-minority emerging adults whose families rule out them sometimes adopt a family of choice from a network of appurtenant friends.Other emerging adults do this too, as shown when Friends characters spent Thanksgiving together instead of Joining their families. Likewise, it is common to hear emerging 6 emerging adults sometimes consider family members (especially siblings or cousins) to be friends. For example, Ross and Monica were siblings who offered each other companionship and emotional intimacy. Finding close ties among family members provides a ready source of support, but being more involved with peers help s merging adults go some transitions mitigate (for example, moving away from home).Friends and friendship networks also influence romantic relationships. For example, emerging adults often find new romantic allys within their existing friendship networks. This meaner that the regeneration found within an emerging adults friendship network influences the likelihood that he or she will date someone of a different race. Friends strike up loudly when too much time is spent with a romantic partner (but they are belike to support the romantic relationship if they know the boyfriend or girlfriend well).Friends support (or lack of support) for a romantic relationship affects the couples level of commitment to the relationship. Perhaps knowing this, emerging adults are sometimes selective about the friends to whom they introduce a new romantic partner. Friends can influence break-ups, but they do so infrequently. Couples dont stay together for the sake of their friends, even though t here can be a high cost to breaking up with a romantic partner when they share the same friends. For example, throughout the series, Ross and Rachel had an on-again, off-again relationship.Each time they broke up, it disrupted their friendship network. Why Do Friendships Matter to Emerging Adults? From toddlers to old age, we have friends. But why are they so important in the lives of emerging adults? First, friends support emerging adults identity development. Friendships provide feelings of worth as well as opportunities for story telling and frank discussions about religion, life aspirations, moral dilemmas, and relationships. Certainly, friends rag at Central Perk not only rehashed the weeks events, but also tried to make sense of the world around them.The intimacy unsound wrought these heartfelt discussions not only helps with finding oneself, but also nurtures close friendships. Second, friendships contribute to how emerging adults feel about themselves feeling good (or bad) about your friendships coincides with feeling good (or bad) about 7 yourself. Emerging adults who rarely spend time with their friends are lone(prenominal). But spending time with friends who bear out their feelings brings happiness (perhaps this explains why Joey was perpetually quick-witted, despite not having much victory as a which are useful during the many?and at times anxiety-inducing?transitions that merging adults face.Third, friendships support emerging adults understandings of how relationships work, and, in fact, many discussions center on these ties. Friendships provide occasions to see things from someone elses point of view. This, in turn, helps emerging adults to think through issues more critically and carefully. Fourth, friendships offer companionship?both in person and from afar?during what can be a lonely time. Over the past decade, emerging adults have increasingly relied upon cell telecommunicates, interrogatory, ostentation messaging, and social netwo rking sites like Faceable to communicate with friends.Online friendships can be good ones, especially when they last dogged enough to develop into emotionally close and supportive relationships that supplement existing friendships. On the other hand, having 800 online friends is not equivalent to having friends you see regularly. In the coming years, maybe well know what benefits online-only friendships serve and when it is that technologies improve?rather than undermine?friendships. For now it is safe to say that most emerging adults use technology to enhance existing friendships rather than to replace them.Lastly, friendships involve intimacy and interdependence, and the development of these skills supports ongoing and future romantic relationships. Same-sex friends regularly discuss their romantic relationships?especially problems. Given that men find the most intimacy in their friendships with women, these friendships probably help them to develop emotional intimacy skills they ll need for other close relationships. Can Birds of a Feather Shape a spate? Emerging adults report that friends affect their major life decisions.In fact, friends behaviors affect emerging adults positive outcomes, including church attendance. Friends behaviors also influence more negative outcomes (e. . , those with battleful 8 friends are more likely to abuse their romantic partners). in addition friends behavior, the quality of the friendship matters, with better friendships promoting positive adjustment and reducing problem behaviors. We dont yet know whether these effect are due to choosing a bird with similar feathers or birds shaping each others behavior? likely it is a bit of both. What Does Friends Teach Us about Friends?Friends went off the air in 2005, but through DVD releases and syndication it continues to illustrate core concepts about emerging-adult friendships today. This show offers key implications for practitioners working with actual 20-something friends. 1 . Friendships are important in emerging adulthood, but their importance changes as romantic relationships become more salient and stable. Amid emerging- adults numerous transitions, practitioners should ask troubled young people about and (mostly) platonic opposite-sex friendships, in reality these are less common than same-sex ones.As seen in Ross and Earaches relationship, the line between a friend and a romantic/sexual partner is often fuzzy, creating feelings of anticipation and disappointment. Practitioners should be careful not to usurp that opposite-sex friendships among straightaways are platonic or romantic. 3. Practitioners should strive to create environments that support friendships with diverse peoples. For many young people, moving out on their own provides their first exposure to individuals with substantially different backgrounds and ideas from their own. Interactions with these individuals can support growing maturity. . Friends are influential for better and for worse. Helping emerging adults form friendships with people who show positive behaviors (e. G. Ammonias career success) will, in turn, promote successful development. Likewise, emerging adults whose friends are making poor life decisions may find it helpful to remoteness themselves from these friends and align themselves with other friends who are making better decisions. 9 5. Friendships are particularly important for marginalia peoples (ethnic or sexual minorities), and efforts to form friendships with allies and similar others will serve these young people well.For some, friendship and family networks overlap. Friends may be close enough to be considered family likewise, some emerging adults insider family members to fulfill friendship needs as well, as Monica and Ross clearly did. 6. Although Friends characters were limited to cell phone use, modern- day emerging adults are as. N. Y with technologies such as testing and social networking sites to support existing friendships r ather than supplant them. This appears to be a positive dimension of friendships that makes sense condition that they are always on the move.But practitioners should encourage face-to-face interactions, particularly for very personal and life-transforming discussions?not all of lifes battles can be won or lost via Faceable. . Emerging adults weather transitions best when they maintain existing friendships but are open to forming new friendships. For example, upon moving to the city, Rachel rekindled her old friendship with Monica but established new friendships with the other four. This may be challenging for some emerging adults who prefer to burn close to family, but making friends in new settings benefits them in the long run.Throughout our whole lives?but especially in emerging adulthood, it seems?we need friends who will be there for Notes The Rembrandt (1995), Ill Be There for You, Atlantic Records. Episode 14 The One with the Cake, harden 10, episode 4 The One with All the Thanksgivings, season 5, episode 8 The Pilot (The One Where Monica Gets a Roommate), season 1, episode 1 . 10 Annotated Bibliography Fall, W. A. , and Faulkner, S. L. (2000). On being Just friends The frequence and impact of sexual activity in cross-sex friendships. journal of Social and person-to-person Relationships, 17, 205-222.Can women and men be Just friends? These authors sampled American university students and found that some emerging adults can have platonic friendships with the opposite sex. However, approximately half of heterosexual college students have had sex with opposite-sex friends. Among those who added benefits to their friendships, some did so frequently and others only both few years. The overwhelming majority of these friends were single when sexual encounters occurred, but a third of these friendships included at least one romantically involved friend.Having sex with a friend was relationship-enhancing in some cases and quite electronegative in others. A llan, G. (2008). Flexibility, friendship, and family. in the flesh(predicate) Relationships, 15, 1-16. In a comprehensive and current overview of reindeers (including friendships in emerging adulthood), this author highlights instances where friendship and family overlap, support each other, and are in conflict with each other. A sociologist, Dry. Allan especially focuses on societal changes over the past 40 years that have allowed people to enjoy greater freedom and flexibility in forming their own personal relationships.He reflects on suffusion in relationships (the merging family and friend relationships) but emphasizes that people have translucent understanding of these two types of relationships. Bagel, C. L. , Bender, S. E. Andresens, C. L. , Kinshasa, T. L. , Monticello, S. A. , and Mueller, J. G. (2005). Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes shout out psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 235- 254. 1 1 It seems that although friends agree about the quality of their relationship, each person has a middling different view of the relationship.When friends disagreed about their relationship, they felt less satisfied about the friendship and were more hostile. So while having friendships with positive dimensions is important, noting the extent f negative dimensions in the relationship matters as well, particularly as it can systema skeletale an individuals well-being. Barry, C. M. , Madsen, S. D. , Nelson, L. J. , Carroll,J. S. , adulthood Differential associations with identity development and achieved adulthood criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 209-222. How do friendships change as emerging adults move toward adulthood?In a study of over 700 emerging adults, these authors found that people who were more adulteries actually had poorer quality friendships than did those who had not yet made adult commitments. In contrast, adulteries emerging adults had better romantic rel ationships. It seems that some of the steps toward adequate an adult (settling into a career, avoiding risky behavior, etc. ) might happen because of romantic partners more than because of friends. Boost, K. K. , Cox, M. J. , Brunching, M. R. , and Payne, C. (2002).Structural and supportive changes in couples family and friendship networks across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 517-531. Having a baby changes everything?including friendship networks. These authors followed 137 couples from he time they were expecting to their childrens consequence birthdays. Close friendships were especially important to new mothers over this time period, while their husbands friendship networks declined and became less satisfying. For all parents, having close friendships protected against feelings of depression during this transition.Crabber, J. , and Burgomaster, D. (1998). Friendship and need fulfillment during leash phases of young adulthood. Journal of Socia l and Personal Relationships, 15, 393-409. 12 Changing Spirituality of Emerging Adults These scholars examined how friendship lays out in different phases of emerging adulthood defined by family roles rather than by age the single phase, the meritorious-children phase, and the parenthood phase. Emerging adults rely on friends to meet social needs the most during the single phase, slowing down their self-assertion as they move to the married and parenthood phases.Women call on friends for emotional support more than men do across all three phases. Deck, E. L. , Laggardly, J. G. , Miller, A. C. , schemer, M. J. , and Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 313-327. Is it better to give than to receive support? The originators of Self-Determination Theory (Decide and Ryan, 2000) showed that receiving support from part figures makes a big difference in peoples m otivation and satisfaction.This study extends their findings to friendships, where each partner is equal in terms of their authority. Indeed, people benefit by giving and receiving autonomy support to/from their friends, but it is the giving of such support to a close friend that matters more to a persons well-being. Admire, M. , Oxidize, M. , and Whitecap, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 243-271. man friendship and happiness seem like a natural fit, the story is more complicated.Do all friends make people happy? The scholars find that spending time with a best friend makes people happy, especially when they also spend time with a persons happiness. Fe male, D. H. (2001). No couple is an island A social network perspective on dyadic stability. Social Forces, 79, 1259-1287. How do friends affect emerging adults romantic relationships? Interestingly, this study finds that thin king hat friends support a romantic relationship matters more 13 than how much they actually support it.These perceptions of support from friends lead to more stable relationships, but at the same time, having a really close best friendship makes it less likely that a romantic relationship will endure (perhaps because the friendship competes with the romantic partnership for ones time). It seems that friendships can have both positive and negative effects on emerging adults romantic relationships. Grief, G. L. (2009). Buddy system Understanding male friendships. New York Oxford University Press. Considerable emphasis has been given to womens friendships with their hallmark high levels of emotional intimacy.The author levels the playing field in this book by summarizing extensive interviews with 400 men to describe what makes their friendships tick, affirming the importance of friendships for the well-being of men and communities. excess interviews with women allow for appropriate c ontrast between the two genders. The author presents a typology of different kinds of male friendships must (friends with whom it is critical to share important news), trust (highly liked friends, but not as useful as a must reined), Just (acquaintances who are companions), and rust friends (long-time friends).Lastly, characteristics of male friendships from early to late adulthood are described and interwoven with meaningful life events that shape these close relationships. Hearth, W. W. , and Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370. These scholars show that friendships add considerable value throughout the lifespan. Peoples expectations and descriptions of their friends change throughout life, which makes sense given that peoples thinking becomes more sophisticated. Regardless of these changes, people of all ages agree that friendships should involve both give and take.How friends engage with one another does change w ith age and situation. While having friends generally is a good thing for people, it depends upon the identity of friends and the quality of these relationships. 14 Letterer, A. M. , Griffin, E. M. , and Sparks, G. G. (2007). Forecasting friends forever A longitudinal investigation of bear on closeness between best friends. Personal Relationships, 14, 343-350. Following a age group of university students from 1983 until 2002, these scholars examine which college friendship characteristics matter in

Hybrid Marketing Channels in the Service Sector

EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Being famous patsy in victuals and bever pay off on manufacturing indus purify, oecumenic Robina sess Vietnam (URC Vietnam), a subsidiary comp all right off under supranational Robina potentiometer has got signifi give the bouncet victory since it started business in Vietnam in 2004. URC Vietnam joins the merchandise with four main crop catergories Snacks, Biscuits, Candies, and Bever get along withs.Considered as a st vagabondgic point of intersection of URC Vietnam, C2 is straighta direction kn give birth as virtuoso of the leadership in verdancy afternoon afternoon tea leaftimetime leaftime leaf grocery, a popular name with umteen Viet calle raft in suffer of the fact that when it was launched to mart, 0 point from Tan Hiep Phat Corporation had already been sold and attracted a large reckon of foolrs. Always, URC toughenedly aim is to provide its nodes with the outstrip mathematical products. They progress up caliber policies on purpose of making e very(prenominal)thing in line with the follows mission. Being a part of URC planetary, URC Vietnam excessively indicates its energy.Facing with the great engagement in beverage merchandise, URC Vietnam has implemented a plenty of suit able-bodied measures to inhibit their fierce competitors. Assessing Vietnam as greatly profitable market place for intoxi seattic and at-bats booze commodities, in that respect argon more than and more investors jumping into this market. It is self-explanatory that C2 has to compete with umteen strong companies in both sides in take on and direct oppvirtuosonts. Among them, 0 peak and Lipton unmixed Green atomic enumerate 18 assessd as the dickens enlarged competitors who argon fighting with C2 for gaining market role in cat valium tea manufacturing field. customer element is all the time the focus of any business, including this market. In detail, the Vietnamese let tradition of drinking tea unfledg ed tea tin after part remove wad from tiredness excessively that why C2 ar preferred a lot in particular in summer. C2s users are primarily students and officials in urban area they gamyly regard brand differences. C2 operation is at the product play with significant affix in sales figure through the year and is the second lede position in the so attractive better color tea segment.C2 can be so triple-crown ilk that because they collect engaged an correct 4ps market-mix product (diversified flavors, prestigious supplier and good- appearanceing package), delineate (4000 VND/ feeding store 360ml), placement (urban areas, strong distri plainlyion channel), merelyance ( advertising in various media means) C2 has its own strengths and weaknesses from that, URC Vietnam can reconcile a positive progress in its performance. study opportunities and threats is an essential work that follow should do as well, so that they can fetch appropriate and timely strat egies to further develop their business. . INTRODUCTION Universal Robina Corporation is committed to bringing Filipino taste and culture worldwide, in line with JG Summits vision to make living better, non simmer down for Filipinos, barely for the rest of the world That is what URC claims itself and reality has shown URCs success. As whiz of the leaders in Food & Beverages market in Philippines, URC has grow its business in capital of Singapore, Hongkong, China, Siameseland, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. URC Vietnam, which started the operation in Vietnam in late 2004, is the bran-new-sprung(prenominal)fangledest asset to URC International.URC invested 15 one one zillion million million million long horse into Vietnam market, and located company in Vietnam- Singapore industrial zone. Typical products are Funbites, Cream-O, Magic, Dynamite Big Bang, Beverage C2, that are brand-promoted by Hollywood actor Johny Tri Nguyen, Mat Ngoc Girl Band, and Actress Nha Ky. URC Vietnam is the very low gear URC subsidiary turn outside the Philippines to success salutaryy produce and market C2 Green tea leaf. C2 is now one of the two market leaders in Vietnam bottlefuld blue jet tea field and its manufacturing is being aggrandizeed to meet mellowedly demanding market. 2. COMPANY summary 2. 1. Mission statementThe go aftering statement was announced by world(prenominal) URC CEO Our leading brands offer customers the best in enjoyment, quality, honour and thingmabob. To attain the mission, URC set up their quality insurance policy. The Universal Robina Corporation policy is to make consumers lives more fun and enjoyable through convenient, quality and value for money branded food products. This will make URC the customers premier choice, a market leader in its study food brands and a pigment player in the Philippines and the Asian region. Along with the vision of the parent company, URC Vietnam carried out the same line as international URC.UR C Vietnam understands that to achieve the given mission, they have to make continuous improvement and training efforts through cost-effective strategies and naming means to address the changing demands of the consumers. These efforts focus on the quality and knickknack of products initiating from raw materials till they are provided to the customers. They endeavor to predict possible problems, provide pr pull downtive measures and correct non-conformities. More everyplace, it is strongly emphasized that the quality of from each one URC product is the responsibility of every URC employee. 2. 2.Company objectives It was an outstanding year for URC Vietnam which saw sales surge from 6 million dollars in fiscal 2007 to 31 million dollar last year on the back of the unprecedented growth of the C2 brand. To date, C2 take prisoners a leading market position in Vietnam (which has URCs world-class C2 embed outer the Philippines), and is now exported to Malaysia and Indonesia. Although in general international URC is suffering from the safe effects of the world financial crisis, it seems special to URC Vietnam case C2 still continues to swear its leading position in Vietnam market.At the present, C2 is mostly consumed in urban areas where the competitiveness is really noticeable. In the coming time, in order to bear the sure growth, URC Vietnam should set the priority of providing Vietnamese consumers, both in urban and rural areas, with the high-quality goods and meeting their changing demands. 3. ENVIRONMENT psychoanalysis 3. 1. Economic issues pic enroll 1 Monthly income per capita e Figure 2 Monthly make out use expenditure per capita (Source www. gso. gov. vn) As the result of the ever-increasing average per capital income, the liveliness standards of all social strata continued to be improved.In the whole country, the monthly average expenditures in 2006, by current damages hit 511,000 VND, an ontogenesis of 28. 9% compared with 2004. The Vietnames e did not s go on in essential products for life yet they had more choices when go shopping. at that place were great opportunities for companies in various field of launching their business. As an attractive piece of the pie, beverage firms penetrated authorization Vietnam market and gained enormous benefit. The difference in monthly income per capital amongst urban and rural area would lead to the difference in monthly consumption spending between those two regions. 3. 2.Demographic factors This entry provides the statistical dissemination of the population harmonise to the age classification. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14 age, 15-64 years, 65 years and over). 0-14 years 25. 6% (male 11,418,642/ effeminate 10,598,184) 15-64 years 68. 6% (male 29,341,216/female 29,777,696) 65 years and over 5. 8% (male 1,925,609/female 3,055,212 (Source CIA World Fact book, Dec, 18. 2008) The country with young populations (high pctage under age 15) is a flexible enviro nment. Its residents seem to be easy to accept transposes and the new things. Additional, their taste has the own features.Marketers lease the entropy on the population so that they can position which is the target segment for their products. With the typewrite of drink give care C2, analyzing age structure is a necessary work URC have to sustain out carefully from that they can make a suitable dodge when doing business in Vietnam braggy market with population of 86 million lot Natural conditions Three quarters of Vietnams territory consists of mountains and hills. Vietnam is located in both a tropical and a temperate zone. It is characterized by strong monsoon influences, but has a considerable amount of sun, a high rate of rainfall, and high humidity.These factors help Vietnam to be a place with many profitable conditions to grow green tea tree as a results, URC Vietnam is able to acquire a largely available supply of raw material, especially from Thai Nguyen province, t he study supplier. Social concerns Drinking tea is Vietnameses long-standing cultural custom. It can be said that tea plays an important intent in Vietnameses life. In modern society, people get acquainted with fast food and gas drinks but green tea is still the preferable drink many people choose.Moreover, due to the modern increasing trend of low-carb drink, people gradually change to take by-line with the natural product. Green tea is produced in industrial scale and added more flavors, it becomes the favorite drink not simply with the elders but also the young. 4. enemy ANALYSIS According to Vietnamnet, Vietnams great thirst for alcoholic and squeezable drinks flags the local anaesthetic industrys fizzing potential and the participation of big foreign investors. Vietnam market becomes more and more attractive for investors from all over the world, especially in the alcoholic and soft drink fields.Therefore, Universal Robina Corporation (URC) with the product of sweeten green tea, C2, has to face with a great get it on of fierce competition that not scarcely encompass the competitors with the same product like 0 peak, Lipton Pure Green, nose candy Green Tea, Wonderfarm and an different(prenominal) brands, but also involve those from opposite kinds of drinks much(prenominal) as beer, carbonated drinks, harvest-festival juice, tonic pissing and milk. 4. 1. Indirect competitors thank to the fast economic growth rate and enormous potentiality of soft drink market, many giants of beer, alcohol and soft drinks industry has come o Vietnam such as Denmarks Carlsberg and Heineken with beer, Pepsi and Coca-Cola with carbonated drinks, La Vie and Aquafina with tonic waterVietnamese brands like Vinamilk, Tribeco, Hanoimilk has also built up a strong reputation. Hence, Vietnamese people can enjoy a very large variety of drinks but this is also the great threat of C2, especially the threat from Pepsi and Coca- Cola which hold 60% of soft drinks market apportion. 4. 2. Direct competitors In recent years, Vietnam soft drink market has been developing eventfully and the segment of green tea has do so obvious advances that any kind of other soft drinks can do.Vu Quoc Tuan, public relations manager at PepsiCo International Viet Nam, said that the bottled green tea market has grown 300 percent in 2007. No drink has grown like that, he added. Although at the moment on that point are many brands of sweeten green tea on the market, a lot of products are dependent. They honourable follow all the thing that create success of market leaders product For this reason, in part of direct competitor analysis, the report only focuses on studying two study competitors with similar products as C2 0 Degree and Lipton Pure Green. 4. 2. 1. 0 Degree Tan Hiep Phat Group (THP Group) is the first proposer in this segment.After observing the lifestyle changes of greater mobility and the inquire of healthy beverages, they made tea, part of Vietnamese culture, a ready- to- drink in a very convenient PET bottle, which is heatproof and easy to use. THP invested US$20 million in production equipment from Canada to launch the popular 0 Degree brand. In early 2006, 0 Degree green tea bottle were sold on the local market with a large and effective advertising and forwarding fight back (TV, newspaper ads, editorials, PR, sponsor) and considerable distribution over the nation thanks to the foundation that Number 1 has built up.From 11/2006 to 11/2007, THP had the growth rate of 190% by this product, which made green tea became an extremely attractive market segment. First mover is the most significant competitive advantages of 0 Degree over C2, which came to the market a little bit later. However, C2 is considered more convenient than 0 Degree because of the bottle potentiality. The 0 Degree net content is quite big for one person while the bottle of 360 ml C2 is oft more suitable. 4. 2. 2. Lipton Pure GreenJust enter the market in August, 2008, Lipton Pure Green expressed that it is one of the fiercest competitors of C2 with the exceedingly strong reputation of 2 giants Lipton and Pepsi. Lipton Pure Green is made 100% from the best young tea leaves chose by the rule of 2 leaves and 1 bud and it has Antioxidants (AOX), the substance that can naturally prevent people from getting old. However, Lipton Pure Green has only 2 flavors in comparison with 4 flavors of C2 moreover, the tastes of Lipton are not as flavor more or less as 0 Degree and C2 by many customers.In addition, the price of this green tea is not one of its competitive advantages because its price is above C2 price and little below 0 Degree with inconsiderable difference in bottle capacity. Furthermore, Pepsi and Lipton are strong brand names that are affirmed but the break out of their market run and their advantage of mighty distribution seems not to work effectively. Many people are not aware of Lipton Pure Green, a green tea product Pepsi Co. after 8 months of launching. Additionally, as 0 Degree, their bottle capacity is not really convenient.According to statistical data, 450 ml bottle is still quite great for one person. pic Figure 3 Volume per one drink To see clearly how these three products positioned in the market, lets look at the positioning map below Figure 4 Positioning map 5. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS 5. 1. Behavior To identify and fail market segments, behaviors variables should be the starting point. In this part of the situational analysis, the variables of purchase occasion, benefits seek and loyalty status are selected to illustrate another base of market segmentation, the behavioral.In summer, the demand for soft drink that is tasty and healthy, especially the one that contains substance- hypothermia, like green tea, increases sharply. URC identifies these typical occasions as a major point for market segmentation. C2 products are made from green tea that can help people feel comfortable even in the hottest geezerhood of that most unpleasant time in year with four increase tastes that can make people more cheery. While looking for a nourishing beverage, C2 appeals to the segment of consumers wanting to have a Cool & bracing product that make from green tea, a traditional remedy for good health.C2 can bring cool feelings and clean drink to customers by confirm quality and delicious taste. In the case of sweeten green tea market the differences among brands are not extremely significant. Sometimes, if the store does not have any more bottled green tea of the brand that customer want, he/she will easily permute to another brand that is available in that store. It may clearly illustrate the customers loyalty to C2 products. Hence, C2 concentrates on those who are enkindle in two or three brands or on those whose get decision is favorite one brand but sometimes trying others. . 2. Demographic Bottled green tea is a product that is utilizable for many people even they are young or ol d, men or women, married or single. Therefore, in demographic segmentation URC Vietnam just groups their product by nationality and occupation. C2 targets to customers in the nation that have the traditional culture of drink green tea, a typical example -Vietnam, to develop a product which actually familiar with the users. The person who acknowledges of how marvelously good green tea is will be more ready to purchase a bottle of C2 than person who does know nothing astir(predicate) it.As indicated by the statistical data of the company, here is the occupation variable of C2 pic Figure 4 assembly line variable of C2 As a result, the advertising of C2 focuses on the young who are both students and staffs with colorful and cheerful ads on TV, newspapers and magazines. 5. 3. Geographic Do not have the competitive advantage of strong distribution channel as 0 Degree, C2 practices geographic segmentation by emphasizing on urban areas which enjoy high living standard, higher income, and higher density of population, and are easier to approach its marketing campaign. . 4. Type of get decision behavior guest decision making varies with type of buying process. To determine which decision type of customer that C2 goes for, there are two factors that URC has to consider involvement and differences between brands. Sweeten green tea belongs to the product category that has low customer involvement but significant perceived brand differences, variety- seeking buying behavior. Customers often do a lot of brand switching. When they buy a bottle of green tea, they choose a brand without much evaluation, and because evaluate it during consumption.The next time when they buy this kind of product over again they will pick another brand in order to look for something different. To become the market leader, C2 should have the marketing strategy that differentiates it from other brands and try to promote habitual buying behavior by dominating ledge space, keeping shelves fully stocked and running frequent reminder advertisings. 6. defect ANALYSIS 1. Brands current performance 6. 1. 1. Portfolio analysis BCG hyaloplasm BCG matrix, also known as relative growth and market share matrix, was built at the end of the 1960s by Boston Consulting Group, an American trategy consulting company. The real purpose of this matrix is to evaluate the companys ability to make profit by analyzing its portfolio and put them in four components of the matrix (star, question mark, dog and cash cow) as following graphs pic Based on the studying of the products growth rate and market share, the companies are able to fix and develop timely strategies. In C2s case, they are now lay at Star level with a high market share and rapid growing in the sweeten green tea market.Specifically, in 2007, this ready to- drink green teas growth rate was about 7% equivalently to total sales revenue of 6 million dollars and increased considerably 17%, which brings the company with 31 millio n dollar revenues in 2008. C2 is currently ranked the second who performs well in the so attractive healthy beverage market- the green tea segment. 6. 1. 2. Product life cycle After taking the Philippines by storm, URC started launching C2 green tea with various flavors in Vietnam in 2007.The company has reached a significant consummation up to now, and become one of the most popular ready-to-drink green tea beverages for sale in that country. Their sales grew irksomely as the products were firstly brought into the market, however. At that time, because of the so strong influence of 0 degree brand and also of the companys weak distribution channel, customers did not pay much attention to and highly assess C2 products. Only when URC Vietnam made some major changes in its advancement and distribution channel, the company experienced a so impressive sales figure, three million bottles sold out in six months.From that time on, C2 operation is positioning at the growth stage with rap id increase in sales through the years. In detail, according to the overview report of TNS Vietnam Consumer Trends Q4/08, that C2 products stood at the sixth position in the 10 accelerated growing brands preferred by Vietnamese consumers in 2007, while they unplowed on doing business successfully in 2008 with the forth position in that selection. Moreover, it is obvious to see that C2 will continue holding higher market share, especially in this coming 2009 summer. . 2. 4Ps- Marketing mix Revenue from C2 products sexual conquested for nigh one- half of total URC Vietnams profit in 2008. One of the major factors contributing to the company such an incredible success is thanks to marketing strategy based on 4Ps. 6. 2. 1. Product URC Vietnam offer diversified tastes of healthier beverage under C2 brand name. That C2 drink can be divide into four main flavors lemon, peach, apple and forest fruits green tea among them the first one is the most preferable to customers.Thai Nguyen tea, a very well-known and favorite Vietnamese brand, is chosen to be the major material apply to produce such new green tea bottles. In addition, each C2 product is packaged in PET type which brings in a subdue of benefits for the customers. For instance, it has ability to keep the original taste of the natural green tea without any preservatives and artificial color. Furthermore, producers can economically take full advantages of the space in tea bottles package for their products advertising.Until now, there have been two styles of C2 tea launched on the market, the 360ml and the 1000ml bottles, which will make the users even more convenient. 6. 2. 2. Price According to URCs research report about customers response (posted below), nearly two-third of those who were conveyed agreed that the reasonable price for each euchreml green tea bottle should range from 5,500 to 6,500 VND. comprehend that important factor, the company has realized reasonable price using market-penetration pricing corresponding to customers expectation.It is suggested that producers can set a low initial price to penetrate the market apace and deeply in order to attract a larger number of buyers in short time (Philip Kotler, Principle of Marketing, page 355). Typically, each 360 ml C2 green tea product costs customers from 3,500 to 4,500VND, which is approximately 5,700VND for one 500 ml bottle. In comparison with 6,000 and 7,000 VND for Pure Green tea 450 ml and 0 degree 500 ml, respectively, URCs products are more favorable, which creates a competitive advantage over their competitors. picFigure 5 Consumers opinion of price 6. 2. 3. Placement When first launching in Vietnam, URC did not pay adequate attention to develop or expand its distribution channel, which leaded to an by chance low sale. To deal with that problem, the company has strived so much with the aim at stimulateing a strong distribution system. The most important change the company made to improve this ineffectiv e system was to influence on marketing push. They persuaded the retailers or outlets to purchase products by providing so attractive promotion as well as added supports.For instances, URC Vietnam would offer 10 to 15 % send packing if those outlets accepted to display C2 products on their shops. Moreover, the company allowed a number of master key sales person and marketing staffs to work with those stores to support and supervise these areas whenever necessary. Thanks to such hard effort, till the present C2 products have been allocated widely in almost all of supermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, retailers, distribution outlets and so on. In detail, URC Vietnam sells nearly a half of C2 volume through big supermarkets such as Citimart, Big C, Co. pMart, MaxiMart, Vinatex and the like. However, that ready- to- drink tea products has just allocated mostly on cities and urban areas. At the moment, when the summer is gradually coming, URC must take actions to hand a st ronger distribution system to make their products more available on the market in order to satisfy a very high demand of Vietnamese customers. 6. 2. 4. Promotion Apart from placement, unlike the case of THP Corporation which has spent a huge amount of money on advertising, URC just save their capital invest on other fields or else than such costly activities.For instance, after failing to transfer message to consumers in the first two trials in Vietnam, the company decided to redeem themselves with new advertising to revitalize C2. They created new TVC Television Commercial, with the participant of Johnny Tri Nguyen, a very cool, good looking, a wushu expert and stunt man, which later was voted among the top 10 Most favorite TVCs by Vietnamese televiewers. Those activities just costed only a half in comparison with the promotion campaign beforehand.That successful results obviously illustrate that good advertisings need not be dear(predicate)it must be creative and effective as URC consultant, Willy Arcilla said. At the moment, not only to be advertised on TV but C2 products also are promoted on newspaper and internet for example, gia dinh & tiep thi, www. kienthucngaynay. vn. , etc. 7. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT, the analysis refers to the strategic method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of each company. It is considered to be a crucial tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment.SWOT of C2 bottled green tea are summarized as below. 7. 1. Strengths C2s positive outcomes have been in part due to a number of factors. First of all, one important key contributing to such high sales revenue of the company is because of reliable tea supply. As mentioned in the marketing mix- 4Ps, strong point-of-difference- C2 brews tea leaves grown in the northern highlands of Thai Nguyen, renowned as the source of the best tea in Vietnam. Furthermore, each C2 bottle encompasses the natural flavor extracted from green tea (23%) and also citric acid, an essential element which helps people lose weight effectively.Likewise, C2 products are perfectly brewed and bottled at the same day, still keep totally clean and fresh tea taste. This benefit makes the tea users feel safer and firmly reliable when overpowering the product. An additional feature that builds C2 brand popularity is its competitively-lower price in comparison with other brands in the same market. Before making final purchasing decision, people often carefully take price into consideration besides some important criteria such as products quality, brand, benefit and features.By impressively influencing on that consumers psychology, C2 has got the initial success in catching the attention of potential customers. 7. 2. Weaknesses Although URC Vietnam has made many acquisitions with a large number of retailers or distribution outlets, these stores are located mainly in cities or municipal areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Hai P hong, Da Nang and so on. Whereas, in the local or rural regions, the volume of C2 consumed seems to be much lower than that of 100 tea or 0 degree green tea.Thus, C2 should invest more money on their distribution channel, not only tighten current contracts but also expand new relationships with new local stores. The company can offer retail shops benefits with high premium or build its own retailers initiatively throughout the country. This action will has positive effects on making condition for the company to approach their potential customers more. By tapering off down the potential customers segment on its initial advertising is supposition to be one more weakness that URC Vietnam should pay attention to.Specifically, the advertising with the at executeance of Johnny Tri Nguyen persuaded consumers who habitually prefer carbonated beverage to convert to green tea products. That message implicated that C2 itself restricted the targeted clients to those who usually consume soft d rink. Instead, the company could orient its products to the mineral or pure bottled water and the other beverage market rather than carbonated drink. For that reason, URC Vietnam had better make some new meaningful advertising to draw the attention of higher level of customers. . 3. Opportunities The recent scientific research of England Hospital of Pediatrics has mark out 10 most significant advantages of using tea on people health, among which the best five benefits are utilized to produce new sweeten green tea bottles such as antipyretic ability, drop in death due to heart diseases (from 28 to 44%) and prevention of being old as well as cancer possibility. Seeing so many advantages of using green tea, Vietnamese people tend to choose tea as their daily preferable product. Through conveyance of title heir opinions, producers have developed and launched new products to meet their essential need (The result is posted as the table below). Most of people accept that employing green tea products will help them have antipyretic ability, stretch the possibility of cancer and purify the body. This rapid change in Customer Behavior creates a valuable chance for the company to keep on producing ready- to- drink tea. pic Figure 6 Teas Effects In addition, the summer, hottest period in the year, is upcoming. Consequently, people drinking demand will increase dramatically the following time.Catching this thirsty need, beverage manufacture should mend very strong marketing plans (may be in terms of marketing mix) to further satisfy their customers. Particularly, up to now, green tea drink has a quite strong position in customers drink options. As a result, C2 should make use of this valuable opportunity to widespread or chop-chop expand its market in this period. At the end of 2008, there was a quite serious recession occurred in Vietnam economy which affected negatively on Vietnamese lives and reduced their consumption need.However, the quantity demanded for foods and beverage was slow down much less heavily than other sectors, less than 25% (according to the report of TNS). This means that demand for foods and the like can not be replaced in human being life. Hence, it also generates big chances for any company in that industry, including C2. pic Figure 7 Consumers reaction in the recession utmost(a) but not least, C2 products are currently utilized to be the promotion of a number of companies to offer to their customers. For example, whenever customers buy one product of Mobil1 Racing, they will be given one cold C2 bottled green tea.This indirect promotion makes a good condition for URC Vietnam to increasingly raise its sale figures. 7. 4. Threats There are many external forces that have a direct meet on the companys performance. Currently, C2 has to face up with a very fierce competition in the beverage market, which composes of both carbonated and healthier drinks (indirect and direct competitors). In the same market, there exist many powerful competitors such as 0 degree, Pure Green and 100 in which 0 degree of THP is occupying the largest market share now.Although C2 has been positioned quite strongly in Vietnamese consumers drink option, that THPs product has the advantages of being the first mover in the sweeten green tea segment. Lately, THP has introduced new product, Dr. Thanh herbal tea, which has been consumed with a very fast sales since the first days launching. Hence, it is considered to be one of the biggest competitors in that market. Besides, among a lot of indirect competitors, Coca Cola and Pepsi, the heaviest and strongest ones that account for 60% beverage field in Vietnam, also take a lot of C2s concerning. . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In all, according to the findings above, it can be said that C2 continues maintaining its high position in Vietnam bottled green tea market with outstanding attainment while it also has to share this market with other strong competitors like 0 degree or Lipt on Pure Green. dimension a number of internal strengths greatly contributes to C2 such an incredible success whose outstanding example is its appropriate marketing strategies- market penetration pricing. However, URC Vietnam should make some changes in order for a stronger distribution system.They can build up new relationship with the local outlets rapidly by employing marketing push and pull also. In addition, good news from outside has created a lot of valuable chances to boost C2s development. Especially, URC Vietnam can make the best use of the approaching of special occasion the summer time to expand its market share as well as consumers brand awareness. Nevertheless, the recent appearance of Dr Thanh, a new comer in the healthier beverage market, creates a fiercer competition in that so attractive segment. Therefore, C2 ask to establish better preparation to get a win in that competitive battle.From the study above, some suggestions for improving C2s performance are introd uced. To begin with, advertising is always a very useful way to inform publicly and fully the information about the products and their services. In spite of the fact that C2 has made several qualified advertising, the televiewers are somehow not really pleased with those advertisings message. Then, it is proposed that URC Vietnam should concentrate on improving their advertisings quality for example more meaningful ones which transfer expected information to the customers.To compete with the enlarger development of Dr Thanh, the company had better invest money on Research and Development department so that they can produce further diversification in flavor such as strawberry or mix ones. for sale on market at the moment there are mainly four tastes among which only the lemon green tea are being consumed with rapid sales. With the variety of healthier drinks sold on the market, the consumers may be confused of which products should be used for that reason, the company needs to prov ide differentiated products to gain the competitive advantage over their competitors.REFERENCES 1. 2009, Overview TNS Vietnam Consumer Trends Q4/08 online obtainable at URL http//www. scribd. com/doc/7563073/Overview-TNS-Vietnam-Consumer-Trends-Q408 (Accessed whitethorn 1st, 2009) 2. 2008, Branded Consumer Foods Group Internationalonline in stock(predicate) at URL http//www2. urc. com. ph/ (Accessed May 2nd, 2009) 3. 2007, URC launches C2 Green Tea in Vietnam online Available at URL http//www. universalrobina. com/2007/01/10/urc-launches-c2-green-tea-in-vietnam/ (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 4. 008, Demographics_of_Vietnam online Available at URL http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 5. 2007, Household living standard 2006, online Available at URL http//www. gso. gov. vn/default_en. aspx? tabid=483&idmid=4 (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 6. 2007, 10 cong dung noi bat nhat cua tra doi voi suc khoeonline Available at URL http//blog. 360. yahoo. com/blog -9mJ_aP8yd6QAK2zDNjFeXQbe3Q? cq=1&tag=ky-luc (Accessed May 7th, 2009) 7. 2008, Quang Minh, Tra xanh C2 thuong hi? u thanh cong v? i chi? lu? c d? nh gia tham nh? p online Available at URL http//vietnambranding. com/thong-tin/phong-su-thuong-hieu/6554/Tra-xanh-C2thuong-hieu-thanh-cong-voi-chien-luoc-dinh-gia-tham-nhap (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 8. 2008, Quang Minh, Tra xanh khong do-Thuong hieu dan dau can thay doi (Phan-2) online Available at URL http//vietnambranding. com/thong-tin/phong-su-thuong-hieu/5791/Tra-xanh-khong-doThuong-hieu-dan-dau-can-thay-doi-(Phan-2) (Accessed May 5th, 2009) 9. 2007, ly thuyet ve ma tran BCG online Available at URL http//5nam. tvnol. com/marketing/465955. ttvn (Accessed May 3rd, 2009) 10. 2008, Roger Pe, C2s Saga in Vietnam, online Available at URL http//globalnation. inquirer. net/features/features/view/20080414-130258/C2s-sa ga-in-Vietnam (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 11. Philip Kotler, custodian Adam, Linden Brown and Gary Armstrong (2002), Chapter 10 Pricing considerations and approaches, Pearson- Prentice Hall, p. p 355,356. primitive convenience Bad promotion campaign Good promotion campaign Extreme inconvenience C2 0 Degree Lipton Pure Green