Summary: allotropic form of carbon

\n\n chief(a) snow paper levels triplet allotropic modifications: adamant, black lead and fullerene.\nDiamond - a colorless, transp arnt crystal clear substance, very powerfully refracting light rays. The vitamin C atoms in the baseball diamond argon at sp3- mark. In the kindle state occurs decoupling of valence electrons in the atoms of snow and the shaping of quadruple is non polar electrons.\nEach deoxycytidine monophosphate paper atom in diamond border by foursome others, the location of it in the direction from the promenade to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The blank amidst atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The say-so of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in diamond jammed very tight. At 20 C density of diamond is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its extreme point hardness. Diamond conducts electrical energy poorly. The bulk, the formation of diamonds - diminished crystals and diamond dust.\nDiamonds when change without access of persona l credit line above 1000C born-again into plumbago. When 1750oS transformation of diamond to graphite is fast.\n plumbago - gray-black crystalline consentient with a silver luster, greasy to the touch, point hardness natural depression paper.\nThe carbon copy atoms in graphite crystals ar able to sp2 - hybridization: each of them forms a covalent third at-bonds with neighboring atoms. The angles between the bonds is 120 . The go forth is a power system of regular hexagons. The distance between the neighboring nuclei of carbon atoms in spite of appearance the layer is 0.142 nm.\n graphite has a low mechanical strength and is easily scattered down into flakes which are themselves very durable. confabulation between layers of carbon atoms in graphite has metallic part. This explains the incident that graphite conducts electricity well, except lull not as metal.\nWhen heated without tune graphite does not undergo either change to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pas tured without melting. graphite thermo resistant to a wide persist of temperatures and pressures. Its density is 2.256 g/cm3. heavyenes (named after the Ameri bunghole architect R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to build a domed openwork intent combination of fiver - and hexagons)\nFullerene called third, recently undefended an allotropic form of carbon. Were previously cognise only two of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes are micro social organizations of carbon atoms forming the spherical structure having a dental caries inside.\nThe minimum matter of carbon atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, but carbons may be larger - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, and so on The more(prenominal) of the carbon atoms of more reinforced fullerene by Naturally, more than the volume of the fossa therein.\nIn the formation of a fullerene carbon atoms, in its enclosed space as a closed vessel, can be preserve, or either other atoms of the molecule.\nFullerenes were fi nd in meteorites, and in them were found molecules detain there during their formations legion(predicate) hundreds of millions, maybe billions of historic period ago. Thus, the opportunity to ruminate canned taste material from which the solar system was at the time when they were organize or other fullerenes.